Induction of Beta Galactosidase in E.Coli | Lab Report

Induction of Beta Galactosidase in E.Coli Lab ReportAim To study the effects of IPTG, lactose, glucose, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and streptomycin generality on the units of beta-galactosidase of E.coliIntroductionIn 1961, a special root word of units that able to control its reservoir and ending of transcription activities by undergoing induction act upon was discovered by Jacob and Monod. This special enzyme is known as Lac operon which is group of genes that arranged in sequences of promoter region, operated region and structural genes that found in the Escherichia Coli. Promoter region is the site where the ribonucleic acid polymerases binds to and initiate the transcription process while the operated region in the operon is the site where the regulatory protein such as inducer and repressor bind to and stimulate the genes to turning on or collide with the transcription process.Lac operon made up of three specific lac genes there are lac Z, lac Y and lac A and they can be found in the structural genes of the operon. At the end of the transcription process, Lac Z gene can be encoded into -galactosidase which is an enzyme that utilise to hydrolyze lactose molecules into allolactose molecules fist then further into glucose and brain sugar which are the simple sugar molecules (Kathryn Grace Patterson, 2009). Allolactose is the intermediate product when -galactosidase used to catalyses the reaction of converting lactose to glucose and galactose. According to Miiller-Hill, Rickenberg Wallenfels, allolactose is a natural and effective inducer to trigger transcription process to buy the farm (1964). lacY encodes into -galactoside permease which playing the role in transporting lactose molecules into the cell while lacA is converted into -galactoside transacetylase through transcription process which is an enzyme that involved in adding an acetyl group (CH3) from acetyl coenzyme A to the 6 position of the -galactosidase (Xing Guo, Wang, Laurence R. Olse nSteven L. Roderick, 2002). As the inducer such as allolactose (natural inducer) or IPTG, Isopropyl -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside which is an artificial inducer binds to the operated region and deactivated the repressor protein. Hence, repressor protein generated by the lac I gene cannot binds to the operated region which stimulates the RNA polymerases to bind to the promoter region and start the transcription process which is positivistic control mechanism. On the other hand, disconfirming control mechanism occurs when active repressor protein binds to the o-site (operated region), it blocks the RNA polymerases binds to the p-site (promoter region) and thus no transcription can take place. IPTG acts as the inducer due to its structure is resembling to the allolactose.o-nitrophenol -galactosidaseIsopropylthiogalactosidase (IPTG)ortho-Nitrophenyl--galactosidasewhich known as ONPG is used to measure the -galactosidase enzymatic activities in this experiment which show a yellow colour when -galactosidasepresence. ONPG has a comparable structure as lactose which overly catalyze by the beta-galactosidase enzyme to form galactose + O-nitrophenol whereas the O-niotrophenol responsible to the colour changes. When the intensity of yellow colour increases, the rate of enzymatic activity also increases. Hans Noll and Joseph Orlando also mentioned that o-nitrophenol-beta-galactosidase is hydrolyses by -galactosidase enzyme but not for IPTG molecules (Hans Noll Joseph Orlando, 1960).Hypothesisa) IPTG activates beta-galactosidase enzyme at most effective effects.b) The rate of beta-galactosidase enzymatic activities depend on the clipping of induction.Materials and MethodsPart A Time course of induction of -galactosidase by IPTGInduction of the -galactosidase enzyme. Two different hangs of nicety condition were investigated. One set in the condition with IPTG (5mM) and another set in the condition of adding water as the control experiment. 15 labeled microfuge tubes which contain 100 l of the CTAB solution which used to kills the E. coli cells and lyses the cells to release the contents including -galactosidase were on the watch and placed in the ice bath. 2.5ml of actively growing Escherichia Coli K12 was transferred into two separate 50ml conical flaskfuls and covered with the foil immediately and then immersed in the temperature of 37 C shaking water bath. 250 l of water was added into the control flask and note the measure as t=0 and then transferred 200 l of the E. coli subtlety out immediately into the microfuge tube which labelled as 0c tube, mixed well and stored in the ice bath. The same procedure for another set of conical flask but 250 l of IPTG was used instead of water. After that, two conical flasks were placed in the shaking water bath to maintain the temperature constant at 37C.The previous two steps were repeated for preparing the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 30 and 45 minute cadence points for the induction flask and 15 and 45 minutes time points for control flask. -galactosidase activity of each take was ready to be observed aft(prenominal) addition ONPG and Na2CO3 which used to stop the assay activity by ever-changing the pH value to 11. (School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).-galactosidase Assay. 15 type of microfuge tubes were placed in the 37C water bath for 5 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium. Addition of 200 l of 3mM ONPG into each sample at every 30 intervals and addition of 300 l of 1M Na2CO3 into the microfuge tube followed by order later on exactly 5 minutes of time of ONPG induction to deactivate the -galactosidase enzyme activities. The time of ONPG induction was recorded. All samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes and then 300 l of supported of each sample was taken out and read the absorbance under 414nm with 300 l water used as the blank.(School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).Part B Characteristics of the induction of -galactosidaseExac tly same procedures in the Part A were carried out but several different of conditions were tested in this experiment following by*A. 250 l of IPTG (5 mM) and 250 l of water (this is to keep the agriculture at closeto the same denseness for all alternatives)*B. 250 l lactose (20 mM) + 250 l H2O.*C. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) + 250 l glucose (20mM).*D. 250 l IPTG (10 mM) + 250 l glucose (20mM)..E. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, after the 10 min sample is removed, add 250 lchloramphenicol (200g/ml).F. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, immediately after the 10 min. sample is removed,add 250 l rifampicin (250 g/ml).G. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, immediately after the 10 min. sample is removed,add 250 l streptomycin (500 g/ml) .Note At zero time point, all materials were added into set A, B, C and D while the antibiotic that used in the set E, F and G was added after 10 minutes time points sample has been taken out.(School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).DiscussionsFrom the graph shown in the figu re 2, it can clearly see that the units of beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture show a positive results when IPTG used in the induction but no response when water used instead of IPTG. The longer the IPTG induction time, the greater the units of beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture produced. It can be explained that, IPTG acts as the inducer which depressed the repressor protein into inactive form by undergoes conformational change in the shape of the repressor protein that prevent them from cover version to the operator region. Thus, the RNA polymerases can bind to the promoter site without any obstacles, transcription of lac operon occurs. Therefore, it can be concluded that inducer is playing a world-shaking role in inducing of beta-galactosidase enzyme. Model data provided by the coordinator was used instead of the raw data because there is induction timing error when transferred the sample which causes the failure of the group results as it can notice that there is a sudden decrease in the value of the beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture produced during 12 minutes in the figure 1.Based on the information provided in the part B experiment, the highest value of unit of beta-galactosidase produced was observed when IPTG was presence in the culture environment. An increasing trend of response with lower efficiency of effect were shown in the lactose, IPTG (5mM)+glucose and IPTG (10mM)+ glucose induction. However, as rifampicin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol added into the culture samples, a increasing concentration of beta-galactosidase enzyme at the beginning of experiment until 10 minutes then the reactions started to maintain at the constant level. The observations can be elucidated that when both IPTG and lactose were used as the inducer, they play the similar mechanism but the only reason that causes lactose had lower performance is IPTG lead not be broken down during reaction whereas lactose will be degraded or used by the cells. As the rate of lactose degradation increases, the concentration of inducer in the culture decreases. In addition, glucose and galactose were formed after hydrolysis of lactose molecule. Glucose molecule is more preferred than the lactose molecule by the E.coli. Hence, a lower performance was shown when lactose was used as the inducer and IPTG always the best choice of inducer to use in the experiment. Since the glucose molecules involved in the experiment, a mechanism named as catabolite repression can be used to illustrated the other two IPTG (5mM)+glucose and IPTG (10mM)+ glucose conditions. Catabolite repression is a mechanism that represses the transcription process by introducing glucose molecules into the reaction since E.coli is more preferred glucose than IPTG while IPTG is essential for switching on the reaction. When the concentration of glucose molecule increases, the level of cyclic-AMP becomes lower. CAMP is required to start the transcription process as i t is needed to binds with the Catabolite activator protein (CAP protein) and form an active involved which promotes RNA polymerases binds to promote region. Therefore, if camping level is low, there is inactive complex produced it unable to deactivate the repressor protein so repressor protein will bind to o-site and inhibit the occurrence of the transcription process. On the other hand, if the glucose molecule is absence, the high level of cAMP permit the transcription process to take place due to the cAMP binds to the CAP protein to form cAMP.CAP complex and deactivated the repressor protein, transcription takes place. Since the glucose is the preference substrate so when concentration of IPTG increases, it also will not affect the result when glucose is supplied.CTAB solution which also defined as the cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and used in the experiment to remove the E.coli cells and also destroyed the membrane of the E.coli cells in order to release -galactosidase enzym e that needed for the experiment from its content. E. coli is the reference work of the beta-galactosidase enzyme in the experiment. In the IPTG+ chloramphenicol culture condition, there was only IPTG inside the sample at the first 10 minutes and induction of enzyme was occurs but after Chloramphenicol was added the units of beta-galactosidase of bacterial culture remain constant due to the reason that Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that inhibit the protein synthesis process and growth of E.coli (Ambrose,P.J,1984). The polypeptides synthesise of the RNA in the E.coli was hindered when added Rifampicin (Campbell, E. A et al, 2001). Rifampicin changes the shape and structure of the ribosomes which makes the lyses of the ribosomes (Sippel Hartmann, 1968) and also prevents RNA polymerases from binding to promoter region. After streptomycin was added into the culture sample, Streptomycin inhibits growth of the E.coli by leading to misread the messenger RNA and protein synthesize distu rbance when low amount of streptomycin provided (Modolell,Juan, 1969). Hence, induction of beta-galactosidase activity was prohibited. Nevertheless, high quantity of Streptomycin added will even cause the death of E.coli.

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar SurgeryPost extraction wound healing and physical sequelae of third hoagy(a) surgery can squarely affect the unhurrieds quality of life2. Various methods have been suggested to improve extraction socket healing and to lessen the surgical sequelae after third molar surgery4,5. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate which is known to stimulate wound healing by releasing growth factors straightaway to the wound5,8,16,17. Recent studies demonstrated the PRF membrane has a very significant slow sustained release of key growth factors for at least 7 and up to 28 day13. Studies on PRF efficacy in enhancing wound healing have yielded differing results and also on that point is a divergence of opinion on the activity of PRF. Thus, there is the need for more studies to explore its use in viva and maxillofacial surgery. This correction was therefore perceived to determine the effect, if any, that PRF has on postoperative sequelae an d enhancement of deck up healing after mandibular third molar surgery.Patients and MethodsThe study sample consisted of 15 young adult volunteers 18 to 22 years old presenting with wedge mandibular third molars bilaterally and in similar positions. Patients utilize systemic drugs or presenting a medical history positive for any systemic pathology or a history of hypersensitivity to any component use in the methodology were not included. Each patient participated as a volunteer after signing an informed consent form on the study for extraction of force right and left mandibular third molars. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics commission prior to the commencement of the study. The sideline demographic information was collected age, gender, occupation, marital status, and educational level. Furthermore, the position and type of impaction were recorded. The two operated sides in each patient were randomly divided into 2 study groups extraction of an impacted mandibul ar third molar at first side whose socket was filled with blood curdle and wound sutured ( confine group), and extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar on the other side whose socket was filled with PRF gelatin and wound sutured (PRF group).A 10-point visual line of latitude scale (VAS) with a score of 0 equals no pain and ten equals very severe pain was used to assess pain. Facial swelling was evaluated using a modification of the method described by Schultze-Mosgau et al9, and this entailed measuring the distances from the tragus to the oral commissure and tragus to the pogonion. The arithmetic sum of the two measurements was used to determine the facial swelling at the time point. The percentage facial swelling was calculated from the variation of the measurements made in the operative and postoperative periods divided by the foster obtained in the preoperative period and multiplied by 100.(Swelling PostoperativelySwelling Preoperatively) /Swelling Preoperatively X 100Digital radiograms were used to evaluate changes in radiographic bone tautness for each extraction site. Three blinded alveolar professionals working independently evaluated all radiographs. RVG software was used for radiographic analysis. Radiographs were evaluated by three blinded dental professionals. The radiographs were assessed by obtaining the average density of three independent readings of the 3rd molar extraction socket sites. This was compared to the average of three density outlines of the adjacent tooth. When all radiographs for a patient were assessed, they were normalized to the original radiograph and the same untouched adjacent tooth. The baseline socket average was then subtracted from the normalized average for each tooth extraction socket at the different time points.The final, normalized socket value differences for each PRF-treated and non-PRF treated site for the various time points were compared. All radiographs were taken by a blinded, certified x-ray dental assistant. They were taken immediately post-operatively and at the following time after the day of surgery 4th workweek, 8thweek and 12thweeks.Preparation of Platelet-Rich FibrinPRF was prepared according to the technique described by Choukroun et al1. Twenty minutes onwards starting surgery, 10 mL of venous blood was collected in a sterilized dry, neutral glass tube without an anticoagulant. After immediate centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, the platelet-poor plasma, which accumulated at the top, was discarded. PRF was removed approximately 2 mm below its connection to the red corpuscle beneath to include rest platelets, which have been proposed to localize below the junction between PRF and the red corpuscle After 10 minutes, the gel was formed, and autologous PRF was applied immediately in the socket in the PRF group.Surgical Procedure-To standardize the surgical operations, all patients were operated by the same surgeon. The mandibular third molars of which the extraction sockets would receive PRF treatment were selected randomly before surgery and these molars were operated on first. After tooth extraction, the surgical area in the PRF group was isolated with gauze and the socket was filled with PRF gel. In the control group, the socket was not filled with PRF. The flap was repositioned by an break up suture with 3-0 silk suture. The patients received oral and written postoperative guidance, and follow-up was scheduled according to the study periods. Because only the bilateral mandibular third molars similarly impacted were selected for the study, there was no significant difference in the time and surgical trauma associated with surgical extractions.Immediately after the procedure, details of each procedure were recorded, including the continuation of surgery in minutes (from the first incision to insertion of the last suture), and any intraoperative complications. Patients were then recalled at 1, 3, 7, and 14-day postoperative interv als. During such visits, data were recorded for postoperative pain,facial swelling and any untoward complications like infection and alveolar osteitis. Sutures were removed 7 old age after surgical operation. Patients were also recalled at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week postoperatively for radiographic bone healing assessment.ResultsThe mean age of the sample population was 21.40(range 18 to 35 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the age, gender, and type of impaction between both groups. In both groups, the mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following 14 days. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was higher(prenominal) for PRF group than control group at incomparable points when compared with the control group and was not statistically significant (P The percentage facial swelling for the PRF group relative to baseline value was 2.55%, 2.22%, and 0.28% on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 resp ectively, whereas it was 1.86%, 1.5%, and 0.29%, respectively, in the non- PRF(control) group for the same period. The percentage facial swelling was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following days for both groups. The mean percentage swelling was also higher for the PRP group at all-time points when compared with the control. However this difference also was found to be not statistically significant.The mean bone density score was higher in the PRF group than the non-PRP group over a 12-week period and the differences were found to be statistically significant. The results of the present study clearly show that the application of autologous PRF in surgical wounds after tooth extraction allows acceleration of bone healing, as indicated by data with statistical differences (pDISCUSSIONThis prospective study evaluated the performance of PRF gel when applied to fresh extraction sites. Third molar extractions are often used as a measurement tool for comparin g treatments because they are usually performed electively on a younger population that do not present with significant medical problems (e.g., systemic pathologies, multiple medications). Therefore, this study is especially relevant for healthy 18 to 40 year old patients. This study evaluated the effect of PRF gel on postoperative pain, swelling and bone regeneration potential on third molar extraction sockets.The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) and swelling were higher for the PRF group at all-time points as compared with the control group, but the differences obtained were found to be statistically non-significant. This suggests that topical application of PRF may not improve the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery. Choukroun et al5 in a case report found reduced pain and weaken mouth opening when topical PRF gel was used in molar extraction sockets ,in contrast to this we observed increased pain and swelling when topical PRF gel was used in 3rd molar extraction socket .Intra-oral digital radiographs taken of the individual surgical sites revealed that the effects of PRF were significantly beneficial (P 6,similarly reported that the PRF induced complete bone filling of a relaxation cystic cavity in 2 months 2 weeks, a much shorter period than 6 to 12 months of physiologic healing. Choukroun et al7 in a case serial on maxillary sinus lifting operations, 3 cases were treated with PRF and freeze-dried bone allograft mixture and 6 cases with freeze-dried bone allograft alone. Histomorphometric results of this study showed that PRF and allograft mixture accelerated bone regeneration, allowing implant placement in 4 months after maxillary sinus lifting procedure. Furthermore, the amount of newly formed bone was similar to that achieved with an allograft alone 8 months after surgery. Diss et al10 reported promising results after placing PRF instead of bone graft under the sinus membrane during a closed-sinus lifting technique and demonstrated that an average of 3.2 mm bone gain could be obtained in the sinus after 1-year follow-up.However the results of our study does not correspond with the study from Grbzer et al17 who reported scintigraphically, that platelet-rich fibrin might not bring about promoted activity of osteoblasts in impacted mandibular third molar sockets in 1 or 4 week after extraction.Accelerated bone formation observed is in contrast to the drop in bone density seen at the control site before bone formation began to take place. It took approximately 6 weeks for the control sites to reach the same bone density that the PRF-treated site had reached by 4 weeks. The PRF-induced acceleration in bone formation may be due to the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in PRF that stimulates mesenchymal stem cells to begin osteoblast note and subsequent calcification12,14,18. The immediate start of bone formation seen with PRF treatment is of clinical relevance because it is the initial 2 weeks followi ng bone manipulation in oral surgery that are important in preventing infection, loss of the blood clot and/or dry socket formation.Digital birds-eye radiographs might have been a better choice than digital periapical radiographs, as the 2 surgical sites would be represented on 1 film, eliminating the need for normalization between the sites. The disadvantage of digital panoramic radiographs is that these films have a 20 to 25% distortion factor because it is an extra-oral film, as opposed to the intra-oral individual (periapical) radiographs.The digital periapical radiograph was chosen over the panoramic radiograph due to the lower distortion, which results from being in close proximity to the site being evaluated. The CT scans might have exhibited greater differences between the PRF treated sites and the control sites, had they been obtained. Similarly Digital substraction radiography and histomorphometry have provided more sensitive methods of assessing bone healing but are quite invasive and expensive especially in a resource limited environment.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that topical application of autologous PRF gel has a beneficial effect on the osseous healing of extraction sockets after third molar surgery but may not minimize the postoperative sequelae after 3rd molar surgery as its use was found to be associated with increased postoperative pain and swelling . However, a larger sample size in a multicenter study may be necessary before its routine use in extraction socket can be justified

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Crime

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of aversionIntroductionThe populaces retireledge of villainy is to begin with derived from its depiction in the media. The media affects the publics opinion of aversion and punishment, and its light of the police. If the media is responsible for the headlines, the conclusion is that it influences the publics attitude regarding horror incidents. (Muraskin and Domash 2007). Crime stories are cover extensively by the print-based media seemingly because they help to sell newspapers. Stories are often sensationalised with the endeavor to make attention-grabbing headlines that do not always represent the true facts but do these binds play a part in needlessly fuelling the publics fear of villainy? This dissertation go egress attempt to answer this question by conducting primary look for in the suburban colonization of Stannington in Sheffield.Aims/Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this query is to analyse the relationship betwee n plague and the media, more than(prenominal) specific every last(predicate)y fear of crime returns and print-based media articles. Due to the geographic location in which the look for pass on be conducted, two specific crime types hand over been chosen in the flesh(predicate) crimes such as burglary and theft and community-based crimes such as vandalism and anti-social behaviour. These crime types were chosen as a result of the suburban area in which the study will be conducted. These crimes are those which are more likely to be of a allude to the respondents of the study and are in that locationfore more suitable for this particular eyepatch of research if I wish to collect an accurate info set. More skillful crimes like rape, murder and assault are less likely to occur on a private, middle class hovictimization estate and thus these crime types would probably not be a major c erstrn to residents living in the area. Prior to conducting any research the hypothesis c hosen which predicts the outcome of the research is that respondents who are fe masculine and who read print-based media more frequently will fall in an increased fear of crime in simile to males who dont read print-based media articles.Literature revue revere of crimeGarofalo (1981840) defined fear of crime as an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the scourge of physical harm elicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime. The definition of fear of crime hind end variegate depending on the individual and their own personal experiences of crime and this is in fact similar to how people have differing levels of fear. An individuals level of fear could be influenced by several(prenominal) factors. Personal experience of crime is one of many factors which batch significantly increase the level of fear which a person has, with the fear of repeat exploitation a key issue in this. Balkin (1979) and Hou gh (1985) argue that a commonly accepted belief is that people who have been victimised, particularly in their neighbourhood, or who feel others who have been similarly victimised, will tend to be more afraid. Similarly, a report published by the Beth Johnson foundation in 2006 looked at the fear of crime in people over the age of 50. It found that several respondents who had been mugged and/or burgled had a particularly high level of fear of crime as a result of their previous experiences. This publication shows many interesting opinions of the elderly, however it does not take into account the opinions of a larger demographic of people with varying ages. As a result it allows an opportunity to conduct research on a broader scale to canvass fear of crime from people of all ages. Jewkes (2010155) ac familiaritys that victims of crime will probably become more grand about the likelihood of future victimization as a result of their experiences, however many more individuals will ex perience fear as a result of indirect contact with crime.Fear of crime has become a major social problem and although some of this fear can be accounted for by the actual gist of criminal activity, particularly in the neighbourhood (Kinsey et al.1986). People may come to be fearful of criminal victimisation because they perceive their immediate environment to be threatening, thus noisy neighbours, teenagers hanging around street corners and flats with broken windows may all advert to some individuals that their neighbourhood is threatening (Baumer 1985 Hunter and Baumer 1982), however much of it is caused by other subjective/perceptual and social structural factors. A substantial amount of research has already identified several factors which appear to make a contribution to fear. Box, Hale and Andrews (1988 341) classify these under the following headings vulnerability, environmental clues and conditions, personal knowledge of crime and victimisation, confidence in the police and criminal justice systems, sensings of personal risk, and seriousness of various offences. The research for this piece of work will be carried out by households in close proximity to each other consequently the environmental conditions should be very similar for each respondent. However other factors, in particular vulnerably personal knowledge of crime and confidence in the police and criminal justice system should be different for every respondent. As a result, the findings of the research should be particularly diverse.In terms of fear of crime, the British Crime Survey offers an in shrewdness insight into the British publics perception of crime, in comparison to actual crime statistics. The BCS is a face-to-face victimisation survey in which people inhabiting households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. The 2009/10 BCS shows that a large proportion of people (sixty six per cent) believe crime has risen across the country as a whole in the last few years. There has been a large majority of respondents who think crime has risen at a national level since the questions were first included in 1996. Statistics provided by the Home mooring (2010) show an actual decrease in a large number of crimes between 2002 and 2010. The derive of sexual offences, robbery, burglary, fraud, drug offences, and the native of all recorded crime have decreased every year for the past 8 years. These figures would suggest that the publics fear of crime is unjust based on the number of crimes which have fallen throughout Britain in recent years. It would appear that the publics perception of these high crime levels is influenced by more than just official statistics released by the Home Office, the most obvious contributor to this fear of crime being the media.Fear of crime and the mediaIt is often argued that the media exaggerate the achievement of crime in Britain. This includes newspapers, news and entertainm ent on television and radio, as well as crime fiction (Greer,2005). These exaggerations of crime stories which are in the public eye daily can have a substantial impact upon the publics perception of crime, but more significantly their fear of it. As previously mentioned, personal experiences of crime can often result in victims becoming increasingly fearful of being victimised while accounts of crime from family, friends and neighbours may also have this effect. However as previous research has discovered the most influential source to fuel fear of crime is usually the media. As Jewkes (2010) states numerous writers have examined the proposition that the media present crime stories (both factual and fictional) in ways which selectively distort and manipulate public perceptions, creating a false picture of crime which promotes stereotyping, bias, blemish and gross oversimplification of the facts. Their conclusion is that it is not just official statistics that misrepresent the pict ure of crime, but that the media are also guilty of manipulation and fuelling public fears. Roberts and devil grass (1986) and Surette (1998) reaffirm this view of crime and the media in their analysis of how influential the media can be. The publics perception of victims, criminals, deviants, and law enforcement officials is largely determined by their portrayal in the mess media. look into indicates that the majority of public knowledge about crime and justice is derived from the media. Western society is fascinated with crime and justice. From films, books, newspapers, magazines, television broadcasts, to everyday conversations, we are perpetually engaging in crime talk. In this sense the mass media play an important role in the construction of criminality and the criminal justice system.Research conducted by Ditton and Duffy (1983) came to a similar conclusion to Jewkes in regards to coverage of crime stories in the media after their analysis of leash Scottish newspapers. A n analysis of the crime electrical capacity of the newspapers (in terms of the numbers and page areas of crime reports) was completed and found that six per cent of the news involved crime, with forty five per cent of this being rough or sexual crime. This figure was then compared with actual police statistics which showed just two per cent of crime in the locality to be of a uncultivated and/or sexual nature (Williams and Dickinson 199335). As a result of their findings, Ditton and Duffy came to the conclusion that this research exemplifies the level of sensationalism and exaggeration of crime stories which appear throughout print-based media. Consequently, they called for get on research to be conducted to determine whether the mis examples of crime in newspapers influence the general perceptions of readers. Despite a large percentage of violent or sexual crimes covered in the newspapers, it is arguable as to weather a percentage of just six out of the total of all articles in them is substantial enough to leave off that print-based media exaggerate and sensationalise as Ditton and Duffy suggested.This research took significant steps to examine the content of crime stories in print-based media and be regarded as a successful study, however it was conducted intimately thirty years ago which means in terms of quantity and coverage of crime stories in modern Britain, it is somewhat outdated. In addition the research fails to determine any links between media coverage and fear of crime, so with this in mind, the study which will be conducted for this piece of work primarily aims to investigate if there is any sort of correlation between print-based media and fear of crime in an attempt to come to a conclusion which Ditton and Duffy were unable to achieve.When the discussion takes stead surrounding how influential the media can be on crime levels and fear of crime the theory of honorable panics often surfaces. This model made famous by Stanley Cohen in th e 1970s with the publication of Folk Devils and Moral Panics The creation of Mods and Rockers refers to public and political reactions to minority or marginalized individuals and groups who appear to be some change of threat to consensual values and interests. (Jewkes 201074) By labelling certain groups as deviant missing out key facts and extensively covering crime stories the creation of moral panics by the British press has becoming arguably one of the more damaging aspects of crime coverage, causing unnecessary for fear and apprehension amongst the public. These fears when compared to actual crime statistics do appear to be uncalled for, but figures from the British Crime Survey suggest that they are still present in the minds of newspaper readings.The British Crime Survey has been conducted by the Home Office since its introduction in 1982 and from 2001 it has run unceasingly each year. The survey of around forty thousand adults is conducted to gain an insight into public atti tudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues, with the findings often used to assist the Government in their policy formations (Home Office 2010). The 2003 edition of the BCS was the first to ask respondents directly about their newspaper reading habits. The results showed that attitudes to crime are very much influenced by newspaper reports. Forty three per cent of tabloid readers believed that crime has increased a lot with seventeen per cent also claiming to be very worried by the threat of physical attacks (Guardian 2003). These findings are based on a very large scale with the respondents geographically located across most parts of Britain. They offer an accurate representation of the populations fear of crime and how this is influenced by newspapers articles, however due to its large scale, a more appropriate approach to use in order to get a localised view on crime would be a study of households in one particular part of a city. This method then allows the investi gator to investigate if the immediate area in which the respondent resides is influential in their levels of fear.Several other pieces of research have been carried out to understand fear of crime in both the elderly and in women respectively. A recent Age Concern reported entitled The Fear Factor Older people and Fear of Street crime reported that forty seven per cent of those over 75 years of age and thirty seven per cent of those over l no longer take part in social and community activities after dark because of fear of street crime (Help the Aged 2006). Similarly an article in the Independent (2005) entitled Women and Crime Fear in Suburbia goes into depth about the fear which single women have about being attacked in their own homes. In this article many women interviewed agreed that the media has a role to play in increasing womens fears despite official Home Office statistics suggesting total recorded crime is down by six per cent year-on-year (Independent 2005). Both pieces of research gain insight into two separate groups of society with valid and tested information collection, however they fail to make comparisons of fear of crime levels with other groups of people. By conducting research from both men and women of varying ages, this allows for more in depth analysis, where comparisons and correlations can be made between all respondents to determine if age and/or sex are an influential factor in fear of crime levels.There has been extensive criticism of the empirical and theoretical validity of the claims that media images cultivate a misleading view of the world of crime (Howitt 1998 Ditton et al. 2004) and according to several critics, there is still not enough sufficient evidence to suggest that exposure to the media as well as other variables such as class, gender, race, place of dorm and actual experience of crime can and do effect an individuals fear of becoming a victim of crime (Reiner 2006). Despite these criticisms the research carried out for this piece of work will attempt to gather enough evidence to show that the media along with other variables does in fact influence fear of crime.MethodologyThe data collection method which will be used for this research is a cross-sectional questionnaire consisting of both qualitative and quantitative questions. The questionnaire will be given to xx four randomly selected respondents living on a housing estate in the semi-rural village of Stannington, in Sheffield. At the last census (2001), the population for Stannington village was listed as 16,600 (www.stannington.org.uk). This number is far too large as it would require a significant amount of questionnaires to be produced which is unrealistic given the resources and time-frame available so a combination of both cluster and systematic try out will be used to select certain roads and houses within a meek geographical location. Kalsbeek (1998) defines cluster sampling as sampling in which sampling units (that is, hous eholds) at some lodge in the selection process are collections, or clusters, of population elements. For the primary sample group eight roads on the housing estate will be selected as part of the cluster sampling process, then house numbers two five and eight are to be chosen systematically. This approach eliminates any potential bias, allowing the validity of the research to be increased. Similarly for the secondary sample group, four roads will be selected with house numbers one and ten chosen to receive the questionnaire if not all twenty four primary respondents decide to complete the questionnaire. In order to be courteous when addressing the respondents, the electoral register will be accessed at the Sheffield townsfolk Hall to gather the names of those chosen to participate in the study. Doing this should allow for the respondents to be contacted formally whilst making it more manageable to record which households responded and those who declined.When the collection of data from the primary sample group commences, personal introductions will be made informing the randomly selected respondents what the research study is for and how they have been chosen. If the respondents then decide to take part in the study they will be given the questionnaire along with a cover sheet, outlining the instructions on how to complete the questionnaire and a brief garner explaining the purpose of the study. If the there is no one in at the chosen addresses the questionnaire will be posted to the respondents and will be collected a workweek from that date.The decision to utilise a cross-sectional questionnaire was made because this method allows data to be collected relatively quickly and at a single point in time. These characteristic of data collection are very much suited for this type of research study due to the time and transport limitations which apply. A questionnaire is preferable over other designs such as a longitudinal survey or case study as it lends itsel f well to quantifiable data, allowing for variations to be established which may appear throughout the different variables. According to Bryman (200845) cross sectional studies are very effective in terms of replicability because the researcher can spell out procedures for selecting respondents, designing measures of concepts administrating research instruments and analysing data.When the questionnaires have been collected from all respondents and the required amount of data has been gathered it will then be analysed using the data analysis software SPSS. This software allows complex data to be interpreted very easily through the use of bivariate and multivariate crosstabulations as well as frequency tables. This data can then be used to create graphs which allow for patterns of correlation to be identified. SPSS was elected due to its qualification to eliminate any issues regarding inter-coder reliability. It also lends itself well to quantitative closed-ended question data (which I intend to collect) because this form of data requires very little coding and can therefore be inputted into the programme with ease.Data AnalysisFollowing the collection of twenty four questionnaire responses the data was inputted into the SPSS software and the variable values were coded. After hive away frequency tables and crosstabulations it appears that the research has identified some interesting findings, which do not necessarily agree with the original hypothesis stated at the beginning of the study. card 1 (below) shows how participants responded to the question Do newspapers influence your fear of crime? It appears that only 37.5% of people felt that their fear of being a victim of crime was influenced by newspapers. 50% stated that they werent influenced which is reasonably more than those that answered yes to the question however it is not significantly high enough to suggest a majority because there were 3 respondents (12.5%) who were undecided.(Table 1) Do newspaper s influence your fear of crime?FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidYes937.537.537.5No1250.050.087.5Dont know312.512.5100.0Total24100.0100.0When the variable of gender is factored into the same question, it appears that men are more influenced by print-based media than women. A crosstabulation of the two variables shows that 6 males in comparison to just 3 females stated that their fear was influenced by newspapers. This figure at first appears to be a surprise when compared to the Independent (2005) article (referred to earlier) which stated that the media has a role to play in increasing fear of crime levels amongst women. However when a crosstabulation was formed which analysed the gender and how often do you read national newspapers? variables it appears that the male respondents in the study read newspapers more regularly than the females. Table 2 (below) shows that half (6) of all male respondents read a national newspaper once a week in comparison to only 2 fem ale respondents. It also illustrates that all of the male respondents read a newspaper at least once a month in comparison to 5 females who stated that they never read a newspaper.(Table 2) How often do you read national newspapers? * ar you male or female? CrosstabulationAre you male or female?TotalMaleFemaleHow often do you read national newspapers? each day235Several times a week213Once a week628Once a fortnight202Once a month011 neer055Total121224With this in mind the statistics appear to suggest that those who are subject to newspaper articles more frequently appear to be influenced by them more in terms of fear of crime.Lichtenstein et al (1978 575) state Fear sells. Past research by Ditton and Duffy (1983) amongst others, primarily focused upon newspaper content analysis. Some evidence was found to suggest that certain crime types in particular violent or sexual crimes appeared continuously throughout newspapers articles. This research along with several other studies has co llectively suggested that sensationalism of crime stories does occur in order to sell more copies. The questionnaire given to respondents asked them Do you think newspapers sensationalise crime stories? The pie chart above shows the overwhelming majority (91.7%) of participants felt that sensationalism does occur in British newspapers. This figure is particularly high considering that 5 out of the 24 respondents stated that they didnt read newspapers. In this case the assumption could be made that those who dont read newspapers would not be fully aware of the goal to which sensationalism appears to occur. However this statistic confirms that this is irrelevant.In a similar manner, many newspapers (and the media in general) have been accused of creating moral panics. These accusations have especially

Literature Supports Children’s Personality Development Essay -- Psycho

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive (Laberge, 2006). Adults, especially pargonnts and teachers, are principal components of these environments and therefore play a powerful role in helping or hindering children in their personality and cognitive development (Morrison, 2007, p. 99). accord to Erikson (2007), childrens personalities and social skills grow and develop within the context of society and in response to societys demands, expectations, values, and social institutions, such as families, schools, and new(prenominal) child care programs (pp. 98-99). Children personality does not occur over night. They learn and experience new things in life and how they relate to these experiences affect their personality. Erik Erickson (1902-1994), is a well-known German psychoanalyst that based his theory of psychosocial development on the premise that cognitive and social development occur hand in h and and cannot be separated (Morrison, 2007, p. 125). Erickson also strived to explain personality growth by describing how human beings respond to potential conflicts at specific periods in their lives (Giorgis and Glazer, 2009, p. 171). He described and explained his 8 stages of psychological development, in which the first four of the stages relates to early childhood children.1.Infancy Birth-18 months oldBasic Trust vs. Mistrust- HopeDuring the first stage, the first or consequence year of life, the major emphasis is on the whether the child develops trust. Children learn to trust or mistrust their environment and their caregivers. Trust develops when childrens needs are met consistently, predictable, and lovingly (Morrison, 2007, p. 126) therefor... ... as they grow. The little snail in this book had to learn that being different is not always good. Both books are good for parents and children to share a new adventure in life changing experiences, whether the baby is not the baby anymore, but a big brother or sister or if the young child is not happy about who they are until they see that who they want to be is not what they expect. Literature can provide young children adventures they whitethorn never experience in their life time. For those young children, who do experience adventures in their life, they need good age appropriate literature in their lives to demo them different ways on how to deal, cope, or function in their life. A childs personality can be supported and nurtured if they are wedded opportunities to explore and learn from their environment, whether the learning is exploring or reading a good book.

All Quiet On The Western Front Themes :: essays research papers

1) The Destructiveness of War     A major theme, not only on lives and property, but also on the humanspirit. hands are subject to physical torment-eyes are blinded, limbs areblown off, blood flows everywhere, and innocent men die in agony. Whensoldiers take shelter in the graveyard, bombs rush out all around them,the living hide in coffins and the dead are thrown from their graves. The destructive power is so great that even the fundamental differences amid life and death become blurred. The impact of war on the spiritis subtle. They find themselves less able to returrn to civilian life-friends die all around them.2) The disjointed Generation     This theme is an offshoot of the destructiveness of war. Paulsgeneration grew up too fast, its perceptins of life grossly distorted bythe horror or war. The youthful idealism that ability someday haveblossomed into constructive maturity has been nipped in the bud. Unlikeearlier generations, Paul can never again hope to find comfort and enthusiasm in the hollow rhetoric of politicians and generals. The warhas shattered their illusions. Their innocence is gone, and only inaimless skepticism is left to fill the void.3) Comraderie     The theme of comraderie occurs constantly in the novel. The comraderiethat exists in Pauls company keeps them from being driven insane by thehorrors all around them. In a sense, the comraderie among Paulsfriends can be seen as a die hard desperate clinging to the innocence ofyouth. These young men were transported almost forthwith to thebattlefield from the schoolyard. The adolescent pranks of Paul and hisclassmates can be seen in their "adult" behavior, as in their attack onHimmelstoss. If the social responses of Paul adn his friends seem attime childish, it is essential to remember that these are young menwhose experience of life took them directly to the barracks from theclassroom. If they seem immature, it may be because they werent giventhe chance to grow up normally. The best example of this theme os whenKat and Paul shared their cook goose with Kropp and Tjaden. Theywere taking care of each other.4) Alienation     The theme of alienation develops as the novel progresses. At first,Paul and his friends still behave as if their lives forget someday returnto normal. In the middle of the book, Paul goes home on leave, only todiscover that his real home is now with his friends on the front.

World Peace through Codependency? :: Essays Papers

World Peace through and through Codependency?Im writing my second paper on how free trade (not just trade) can ternion to world peace. This is a pretty hefty goal to put on free trades shoulders but it is only an ideal. Its what freer trade tends toward. I will break the paper down as followsRicardo is a favorable StartWhy Free Trade?Patrick McDonalds ThoughtsConclusionRicardo is a Good StartWhen I first thought of writing this paper I was thinking very simply of specialization leading to world peace through codependency (hence the title).Basically, David Ricardo talked about gains from trade through comparative advantage and specialization. When countries specialize in goods that they have a comparative advantage in, each country benefits from trade. This statement is too a way that specialization could lead to peace through codependency. For example Guns and Butter lets say that Japan has Comparative Advantage (CA) in making guns and the U.S. has CA in making butter. The U.S. wo uld tend towards making more butter and exporting it to Japan and Japan would do the same with guns. If this were to go on unchecked then Japan might make all of the guns and the U.S. might make all of the butter. Guns are obviously tools of intimidation and butter is harmless hitherto necessary for food. In this example, once the U.S. completely stopped making guns and devoted all of its resources to butter Japan could just point their guns at the U.S. and demand butter for free. This example is of course extreme but it has historical significance. Is the example of Japan turning their guns on the U.S. for free butter much different than the story of Cortez and the Aztecs? I dont think so. I know that given current technology and current politics this situation seems preposterous but Im sure the Aztecs felt the same way before they were killed. What Im getting at is a point made by Adam smith who believed that certain industries need to be protected for the sake of national defe nce. We cant allow another nation to make all of our weapons or defense systems. But, if you change the two goods in this example to something else like automobiles and computers or sieve and corn the potential results arent as catastrophic. If Japan made all of the rice and the U.S. made all the corn wed each have monopolies but desire for the others product would push prices down to a probable level.

Molecular Nanotechnology and Literature :: Cause Effect Science Technology Essays

Molecular Nanotechnology and writings Imagine a world where you could book anything you wanted. Gold? Here it is. A new car? Presto. Diamonds? Oh, here, please have some of mine, theres more in the back. Of course, this is not our world at the present, but it big businessman be the world of the future. Molecular nanotechnology will be able to provide whatever one needs or wants, for free or for a pocket-size amount of payment. However, it will not only affect commercial and material goods. It will affect medicine, war and weaponry, law enforcement, espionage, entertainment, disposal of waste and garbage, and even literature. Literature will perhaps be affected in a greater way than one may think. But before I get to that, allow me explain what, exactly, molecular nanotechnology is. In l 959, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman put forth an judgement. His idea was that anything could be made from the ground up, out of individual atoms or molecules. This is nanotechnolo gy the working or manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, one at a time, and positioning and lining them up precisely and repeatedly, until enough accumulated to form a large-scale, usable entity. Feynman didnt name it and outline the science, however. This was done by K. Eric Drexler. In the 1970s, when he was a student at MIT, Drexler came up with an idea of nanotechnology, and outlined the possible uses of it. He popular opinion that if one had the ability or technology to work with individual atoms and molecules, then one could make a box that would transform common materials into screak. It sounds strange, but that was the idea. The idea was that you could open the door, toss in some stuff, work the controls, and two hours or so later out rolls some fresh bang. It sounds odd because we are taught that beef comes from cattle, not from a box of grass clippings and old sneaker insoles. But it really does make sense. Cattle use only a few materials when reservation beef grass, air, water, sunlight. When they are digesting that junk, they are merely rearranging the molecules to form characteristic patterns of beef. The only real difference between the methods of beef-production of cows and Drexlers box is that cows make beef using enzymes and liquids, where reactive agents randomly collide, and Drexlers box makes beef mechanically. Drexler states that the molecules and atoms would have to be manipulated by tiny, tiny robots, commonly referred to as assemblers.