Eternal Love Through Death in John Keats Bright Star Essay Example for Free

Eternal Love Through Death in John Keats Bright Star EssayLove, being genius of the most debated topics in literature, often serves as a source of inspirations for many of writers and poets, including John Keats. Throughout his life, he wrote countless get it on poesys and letters, addressing his dealr poop Brawne. The star, asunder from being the symbol of sloshedness and constancy, it is in any case a metaphor representing Keats himself. Through Keats idea of Mansion of life, the poem is consisted of two floors where the first floor displays his impassioned f are for Brawne while the second floor talks about his inner desire for shoemakers last. Keats first expresses his ideal, however paradoxical love. There are two all important(p) yet conflicting qualities in this poem the reality verses the ideal and the immortal verses the mortal. On one hand, he would like to be like a star, steadfast and unchanging. On the early(a), he dislikes the solitude of the star as it has to watch the moving waters and the new soft-fallen mask/Of snow from afar like a vigilant Eremite. He continues to state that if he has to live ever, he would rather pillowd upon my fresh loves growing breast. The ideas to be eternal and to love simultaneously do not go hand in hand. To love, one has to be human and therefore not an immortal, steadfast star. In the last line of the poem, Keats acknowledges that he would like to live ever in love, but he has to be human in order to experience love, which hints that the love between Keats and Brawne will not last and will eventually fade away as time goes by. The other possible alternative to immortalize their love is swoon to death. One of Keats letters from 3 May 1818 to Fanny Brawne echoes the idea of swooning and it says I love you all I can buzz off you is a swooning admiration of your Beauty.(Poet.org) This can be interpreted that he wants to die while experiencing intense, ecstatic love or according to the letter, ov erwhelmed by her beauty. composition I was reading Bright Star, I could not help but catch the similarity between Keats and Shakespeares idea of love. In the opening of Shakespeares sonnet 116,Let me not to the marriage of true mindsAdmit impediments. Love is not loveWhich alters when it alteration finds,Or bends with the remover to removeO no it is an ever-fixed markThat looks on tempests and is never shakenIt is the star to every wandering bark,Whose worths unknown, although his height be taken. (Shakespeare)Shakespeare talks about his ideal love and marriage. Keats, being a reader of Shakespeare, is in some way affected or inspired by him. Shakespeare describes love as an ever-fixed marks that is never shaken even in the wildest storms. Keats transformed Shakespeares ever-fixed into steadfastness.Keats then moves on to talk about a more sexual and sensuous love. With more explicit descriptions of my his fair loves body parts, those descriptions hint the idea of sex and orgasm. He imagines himself pilliowd upon my fair loves ripening breast. The word ripening gives a notion of youth, implicating that the lady is young and energetic. Keats to a fault describes the rising and falling of her chest when she takes her tender-taken breath. If he could, he would so live ever. However, it is unaccepted to live forever and the exactly solution would be swoon to death. Keats did not explicitly tell the readers what it means to be swoon to death and countenance us a lot of room for imaginations. The word swoon and other erotic images of the ladys body parts bring us to the subtext of the poem sex. La petite mort is a French idiom or euphemism for orgasm, meaning little death. According to Oxford Dictionaries, swoon means to enter a state of rapture or rapture. Whether he intended to talk about sex at the end of the poem is still indefinable as we have no idea of what Keats was thinking when he wrote the poem. Though Keats did not write any overly sexual poetry, there is always a strong erotic index in many of his works. If the sexual subtext is intended in the poem, I believe that it creates a nice denouement to the poem.Keats obsession with death and his love for Fanny are intertwined seamlessly throughout the poem. In one of his letters, he states I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks, your loveliness and the hour of my death (Poet.org). Not only is Keats intimidated by death, to some extent he is also intrigued by it. Even though he is worried about the approaching death, to him the promise of death is comforting and soothing. The only resolution to achieve the paradoxical ideal of being eternal as well as experiencing love is death. Through death, immutability and steadfastness can be achieved. Keats has seen many people died in his lifetime. His father died when he was eight his mother died from tuberculosis when he was 14 his brother Tom died also from tuberculosis when he was 19. Along with his familys deaths, he has also seen a lot of patients died as he was also a medical student. Therefore, constantly comprehend people die in a way reminds him of the transience and the mutability of life.There are some religious references in the second quatrain of the poem. All these references, other than conveying the loneliness and the solitude of the star, also illustrate his longing for the promising death. The poem was written in 1819, the same year when Keats contracted with tuberculosis. The word ablution is to a great extent loaded with connotations, both religion and about death. From the Oxford Dictionary, ablution refers to the washing or cleansing of the body. In Christianity, there are different forms of ablution and one of them is the preparation forward the burial of a dead person. Here Keats is hinting that his death is near and the priest will cleans his body after his death with the moving waters. Further Keats also mentions the soft-fallen mask/Of snow in the following two lines. Seasons al ways act as symbols of different stages of human life in literature. Spring refers to birth or new beginning summer means maturity autumn represents old age while winter symbolizes death. In line 7-8, with the mountains and moors covered in snow, such explicit image suggests that death is approaching. Though death is coming, Keats is not browbeaten. Yet, he is fascinated with death as it helps him to accomplish the co-existence of eternity and love.Bright Star is a poem that can be read on many different levels. To me, the poem is not merely a declaration of his ardent love for Fanny Brawne. It is also an expressive lyric poem addressing his awe as well as obsession with death. The main themes of the poem are smoothly woven in concert and this showcases Keats expressiveness and his wit.Works CitedKeats, John. Bright Star. n.d.Oxford Dictionaies. Oxford Dictionaries. http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/.Poet.org. Selected Love Letters to Fanny Brawne by John Keats. 17 October 2013 http //www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/21012.

Value Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Value Chain Management EssayExplain how trading trading trading trading trading trading operations schema is influenced by customer and backup prospective and where in a standard comfort chain you would expect to see your chosen topic addressed.INTRODUCTIONEvery organizations operations strategies ar pertain with getting things done ie producing merchandise for customers. However, most people believe that operations concern is only have-to doe with with short-term, day-to-day issues. In essence, all in all logical argument organizations argon concerned with how their backing will survive and prosper in future. In contemporary terms, most business strategies be appreciate with a plan as part of or a deposit of intentions that will constitute theirr long-term directions of their actions that are indispens talented to ensure future presidential termal success. Thus, no matter how strong their plan is or how noble their intentions, are, any organisations dodg ing can only become a meaningful reality, in practice, if its operationally instigated. Every organisations operations are equally important because most organisational activity comprises the day-to-day activities within the operations function. Its the outgrowth of daily actions of operations, when considered in their totality that constitute the organisations long-term strategical direction.The relationship between an organisations outline and the operations involved is a key determinant of its ability to happen upon long-term success or even survival. Organisational improvement is only apt(predicate) to result if short-term operations activities are consonant with long-term strategies and accordingly, make a contribution to competitive advantage. The relationship between corporate operations and the other business functions is a alike important. The objective of the operations function is to produce goods and services required by customers whilst managing re showtimes effi ciently. This can then lead to conflicts within an organisation. Conflicts between operations and selling functions are possible to boil down on the trade aspect to ensure that operations concentrate on satisfying customers.Whilst this may seem enduring, marketing will unremarkably want operations to suit customer needs under usual circumstances. Therefore, this is likely to lead to demands to producebigger volumes, to a greater extent varieties, better quality, a swift response, and so on, all of which are likely to lead to less efficient operations. Conflicts within the operations, the accounting and finance functions, on the other hand, are likely to centre on the desire of accounting and finance to want operations to manage resources as efficiently as possible. This will pull operations in only the opposite direction of that desired by marketing. Conflicts within operations and the human resource management function are likely to centre on issues of recruitment, selection , training, management and the reward of those employed within operations.For example, operational managers may want to vary organisation-wide policies in order to meet local needs a move likely to be resisted by human resource managers. The operations function lies at the heart of any organisation and interacts with all the other functions. As such, achieving agreement intimately what decision areas lie within the remit of operations, and what should be the basis of decision-making within operations is an essential part of ensuring the consistency of action over clock time infallible for a successful organisational outline.OPERATIONS STRATEGYMy introduction towards operational strategic purposes has highlighted the strategic importance of operations to organisational murder. The importance of operational schema is essential to an organisation as this will determine the extent to which its business strategy can be implemented, but also as its operations can be a source of comp etitive advantage within any businesses value chain. First I will outline what exactly is meant by the term operations strategy. decrease et al, argues that an operations strategy concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of operations. His use of this term pattern implies a consistency in strategic decisions and actions over time. This concept is consistent with a theorist guru, Henry Mintzbergs view of strategy as being a pattern in a stream of actions (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985).Henry Mintzberg, views strategy as being learnd through a combination of deliberate and emergent actions. An organisation can hold an intended strategy, perhaps as a set of strategic plans. However, only someof his intended strategy may be realized through deliberate strategy. Some of the intentions may be unrealized. Strategies which apply no regard of operational feasibility are more likely to have low marketing prospects, remaining merely as a set of intentions. Strategies may also emerge from actions taken within the organisations functions, which over time form a consistent pattern. Actions of this kind will, almost inevitably, arise from within the operations of the organisation. So, whether intentionally planned or otherwise, the business operations are bound to have a major(ip) impact on the formation of organisational strategy.Its very much said that strategy is an issue which is somehow separate from day-to-day organisational activities. If taken to extremes, this can result in strategies being regarded as some kind of noetic activity performed by tops(predicate)s who need to be removed from day-to-day operational pressures. Theorists such as Mintzberg is amongst those who point out to the dangers of managers becoming gratis(p) from the basics of the enterprise. Mintzberg and Quinn (1991) call this the dont bore me with the operating details Im here to tackle the big issues syndrome. They caution that, th e big issues are rooted in little details.Operational strategy, the subprogrames and contentA. Operational strategy processes How an organisation sets about developing appropriate operation strategies and B. Operational strategy content What the key decision areas are and what needs to be addressed in developing any operational strategy.OPERATIONS STRATEGY PROCESSAs discussed above, operational strategies have a vertical relationship in the corporate hierarchy within business and corporate strategies, and horizontally with the other functional strategies, for the most part recognised within marketing strategies. Operations strategy might come about in a top-down or a bottom-up process with regard to business and corporate strategies. Similarly, an operations strategy might be developed in response to market requirements (i.e. market-led) or be based on the capabilities of its operational resources (i.e. operations-led). As this gives rise to fourperspectives on operation strategy (Slack and Lewis, 2002). Each perspective places a different emphasis on the nature of the operations strategy process.Top-downThe top down perspective is the operations strategy which it comprises of, and is supportive of the organisations business purposes an operations strategy that the organisation uses to realise its business strategy within any value chain. This concept follows in line with the perspective of the Hayes and Wheelwright stage 3 organisational strategy process. match to this theory, the process of developing an operations strategy would follow Skinners approach of identifying an operations task (Skinner, 1969). The task for operations would be located logically from the business strategy. Using Slack et al.s, five operations performance objectives theory, as one way of articulating the operations task. For example, if the organisations business strategy involves the offering of low pricing, then the operations task should be one of achieving low costs in operat ions.If the business strategy is based on offering customers fast delivery, then the operations task should be one of achieving speed in operations, and so forth. In a multi-business organisation, the top-down perspective emphasises operations strategy being linked to corporate strategy via the business strategy of individually business unit. This then raises the question of whether it is possible to talk of corporate operations strategy. If corporate operations strategy means commonality, in all aspects of operations, then this would only be possible if each business unit has similar business strategies and similar operations tasks. (Johnson and Scholes, 1999) However, some theorists such as Hayes et al would argue that any corporate operational strategy does not mean that either facet of operations must be the same in each business unit.Rather, operations decisions are considered enormously at the corporate aim with a view to meeting corporate strategic objectives. A failure to do this means that operations decisions are taken only at the level of the business unit, with a view to meeting needs of that business unit. The dangers of doing this have been pointed out by theories, who caution against letting the needs of the business unit dominate strategic thinking. This can lead to operational competences being confinedwithin individual business units, thereby restricting their future development, which includes preventing their spread to other business units and trammel opportunities for synergistic developments across the corporation. This can be particularly important in multi-site, multi-national enterprises. ( Prahlad and Hamel, 1990)Bottom-upThe bottom-up perspective is one which sees the operations strategy as an portion emerging through a series of actions and decisions taken over time within operations. These actions or decisions might at start seem to appear to be somewhat risky as operations managers respond to customer demands, seek to solve specific problems, copy good practices in other organizations, etc. However, they usually coincide over time to form a coherent pattern recognisable as an operations strategy.The actions then taken within this kind of strategy are likely to be characterized by a continuous series of sporadic improvements rather than the large one-off technologically led changes that require large jacket investments in new plant and machinery. The bottom-up perspective is one where the organisation learns from its experiences, developing and enhancing its operational capabilities as operations managers try new things out in an almost experimental routine using their workplaces as a kind of learning laboratory (Leonard-Barton, 1992).Easy Jet Case StudyAlthough EasyJet only undertook its first flight in 1995, when it operated two routes (London Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh), ten years later, the budget airline offered 212 routes to 64 European airports and transported over 29 million passengers in 2005. EasyJet now carries more passengers within Europe than British Airways. Analysts expect EasyJet and its Irish based rival Ryanair, to both overtake all traditional airlines to become the largest short-haul operators in Europe by the end of the decade. The Luton based airline is known as continuously expanding, recently announcing the purchase of a further 20 Airbus A319 planes to service the ever increasing subprogram of routes it operates.In 2005 EasyJet carried up to 30 millionpassengers, up from 25.7 million in 2004, making it a 1.3 billion business Despite record high can level costs, profits were up and around 10 per cent to 68 million. Passenger numbers rose 21 per cent to 29.6 million and the load factor, indicating how umteen seats are filled, was 85.2 per cent, reflecting the airlines popularity. The low cost lines like EasyJet have revolutionised the airline industry in Europe.Modelled on South West Airlines in the USA, these airlines have not only helped create a whole new market of cost-conscious travellers but have taken market share from established operators like British Airways and become the most profitable airlines in Europe. To be profitable, these airlines have to achieve low costs to match the low fares, which are the main hooking to their passengers. With its head office as a large tin shed adjacent to the main taxiway at unfashionable Luton Airport, all of EasyJets operations are aimed at minimising costs. This is done in a number of waysUse of the Internet to shorten distribution costs.EasyJet sells around 95 per cent of all seats over the Internet. Its online booking system uses a variable pricing system to try to maximize load factors.(Prices start very low sometimes salvage, and rise as seats are filled.) The fuller the aircraft the lower the unit cost of travel. (Scholes and Johnson,1999, pg12)Ticketless travelPassengers are emailed with their travel details and booking reference numbers. This helps reduce significantly the cost of issuing, distributing, processing and reconciling millions of tickets each year. Neither does EasyJet pre-assign seats on board. Passengers sit where they like. This eliminates an unnecessary complexity and speeds up passenger boarding. No free on board catering. Eliminating free catering on board reduces cost and unnecessary bureaucracy. Passengers can purchase food and refreshments on board.Efficient use of airports.EasyJet locomote to the less crowded airports of smaller European cities and prefers the secondary airports in the major cities. These also have lowerlanding charges and normally offer faster turnarounds as there are fewer air movements. EasyJets efficient ground operations enable them to achieve turnarounds of less than 30 minutes. This means EasyJet can achieve extra rotations on the high-frequency routes, maximising the utilization of aircraft. EasyJets ability to offer point-to point travel means that it does not have to worry about beforehand connec tions for passengers and their baggage, further simplifying its operations.Paperless operations.EasyJet have embraced the concept of their paperless office, with all its management and administration undertaken entirely on IT systems. These can be accessed through the use of servers from anywhere in the domain of a function thereby enhancing flexibility in the running of the airline. (Scholes and Johnson,1999, pg12)Many of the manufacturing practices that are now considered leading edge such as JIT, TQM, Statistical Process Control, were developed in just such a fashion by Japanese manufacturers responding to the constraints placed upon them in the aftermath of the Second World War. One of the problems associated with this perspective is that the organization may not recognize what its operations strategy is. mill et al. (1998) have developed a technique that aims to overcome this by enabling managers to construct a visual representation of operations strategy as realized. It does this by tapping into the organizations collective memory, whether written or verbal, to map all of their most significant events in operations over the previous number of years. This should enable managers to recognise the patterns that now make up the existing operations strategy.mart-ledThe market-led perspective is one where the operations strategy is developed in response to the market environment in which the organisation operates. Theres a number of approaches within operations strategy that suggest how this might be done. The best known of these theorists is that of Terry Hill (1985). He suggests that an organisations operations strategy should be linked to its marketing strategy by considering how its products andservices win orders in the market place. He believes its possible to identify two types of competitive criteria in any market. Market qualifying criteria are those factors that must be satisfied before customers will consider making a purchase in the first place. O rder triumphant criteria, on the other hand, are the factors in which customers ultimately make their purchasing decision.For example, for many airline passengers, the order win criteria is price, with criteria such as destination city, time of flights and convenience of travel to and from airports being market qualifying criteria. For others, notably business travellers, the order winning criteria may be factors such as in-flight service or total travel time. Consequently, an operations strategy should be developed which will satisfy market qualifying criteria, but excel at order winning criteria for the market segment that the operation wishes to serve. Platts and Gregory 1990, use an approach that audits the products or groups of products that the organisation offers to its markets.The aim is to identify any gaps between market requirements for particular products and services and the performance of the organisations operations in delivering those products and services. First t he market requirements for the product or service are analysed in terms of various competitive factors (such as cost, quality, reliability). The performance of the organizations operations against those factors are then assessed. An operations strategy should be developed which will enable operations to match the level of performance required by customers in each of the competitive criteria.Operations-ledThe operations-led perspective is one in which its excellence in operations is used to drive the organisations strategy. This is in line with the Hayes and Wheelwright stage 4 organisation and fits with the resource-based view (RBV) of strategy that currently dominates the strategic management literature. The premise of the RBV is that superior performance comes from the way that an organization acquires, develops and deploys its resources and builds its capabilities rather than the way it positions itself in the market place (Barney, 1991 Wernerfelt, 1984). Thus, the process of str ategy development should be based on a sound understanding of current operational capabilities and an analysis of how these could be developed inthe future.This can then provide the basis for decisions about which markets are likely to be the best in which to deploy current and future capabilities, which competitors are likely to be most vulnerable and how attacks from competitors might best be countered (Hayes et al., 2005). Mills et al. (2002) have developed methods through which organizations can apply these ideas in practice. This involves undertaking an analysis of the resources that have underpinned the activities of a business unit over an extended decimal point of time (at least the previous three to five years).Six resource categories, which are not mutually exclusive, are used tangible resources, knowledge resources skills and experience, systems and adjective resources, cultural resources and values, network resources and resources important for change. The resources are evaluated against three criteria value, sustainability and versatility. Resources that individually or collectively score highly in these criteria are considered to be important resources. They are sources of existing or potential competitive advantage to the organization.OPERATIONS STRATEGY CONTENTWhat then are the key decision areas of operations management that need to be considered when an organization is developing an operations strategy? Although there are a number of classifications in use, operations management scholars generally agree (e.g. Leong et al., 1990) that the major strategic decision areas in operations can be conveniently divided into ten categories under two broad headings structure (the physical attributes of operations the hardware) and infrastructure (the people and systems of operations the software). The structural decision areas comprise Facilities the location, size and focus of operational resources. These decisions are concerned with where to locate pr oduction facilities, how large each facility should be, what goods or services should be produced at each location, what markets each facility should serve, etc. Capacity the capacity of operations and their ability to respond to changes in customer demand.These decisions are concerned with the use of facilities, for example through shift patterns, working hours and staffing levels. Decisions about capacity will affect the organisations ability to serve particular markets from a given location.Process technology the technology of the equipment used in operations processes. For example, the degree of automation used, the configuration of equipment, and so on. total network the extent to which operations are conducted in-house or are outsourced. Decisions about vertical integration are also concerned with the choice of suppliers, their location, the extent of colony on particular suppliers, and how relationships with suppliers are managed.Structural decisions often involve major cap ital investment decisions, which once made will set the direction of operations for many years to come. They invariably impact the resources and capabilities of an organisation, determining its potential future output. It may be prohibitively expensive to change such decisions once implemented, and hence these must be considered to be truly strategic decisions for the organisation. It may be much easier to change the organisations marketing strategy (e.g. its target markets, or its promotional activities) than it is to change its operations strategy with respect to the structural decision areas.Infrastructure decision areas comprise* Planning /Control the systems used for planning and positive operations. * Quality the use of quality management policies and practices. * Work Organisation ancestry structures, responsibilities and accountabilities in operations. * Human Resources recruitment and selection, training and development, management style. * New Product increment the syst ems and procedures used to develop and design new products and services.* Performance Measurement financial and non-financial performance management and its linkage to recognition and reward systems. These issues are important to any organisation as this involves the use made up of the operating hardware as discussed above. It is possible to change aspects of operations infrastructure more quickly and considerably than the case for operations structure. Nonetheless the difficulty of doing so should not be underestimated or neither should the impact of making inappropriate infrastructural decisions parallel.ConclusionOrganisational strategy is concerned with the actions a company takes in order to survive and prosper within the environment it operates over the long-term. Strategy can exist at three levels in an organisation which are corporate, business and functional. Any organisations operations strategy includes the totality of the actions and decisions taken within the operatio ns function. The decisions or actions taken have a direct impact on the organisations business and corporate strategy. An organisations operations can be a source of competitive advantage if they are managed strategically in pursuit of a clear goal for operations. These are five possible operations objectives cost, quality, speed, dependability and flexibility.It is flimsy that any operation can excel at all of these simultaneously, so competitive priorities must be determined on which to base the operations strategy. The process of operations strategy concerns the way in which an organisation develops its operations strategy. This might be top-down (i.e. formed in pursuit of its business and corporate strategy), bottom-up (i.e. formed from the actions and decisions taken with operations), market-led (i.e. formed in response to market requirements) or operations-led (based on the resources and capabilities within its operations).The content of operation strategy consists of the key decision areas concerned with the structure (i.e. the physical attributes of facilities, capacity, process technology and supply network) and infrastructure (i.e. planning and control, quality, organisation, human resources, new product development and performance measurement). Through a value chain, operations strategy would be placed in line with the company supply chain strategies and perspectives where business process are involved. This concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of operations. (Slack et al., 2004).ReferencesJohnson, g and Scoles, k Exploring corporate strategy, 6th Edition. England Prentice Hall LtdMiller, R Jentz, G (2009) Fundamentals of Business , 2nd Edition. England Cengage LearningSoulsby, S Marsh, J (2002) Business , 8th Edition.London Nelson Thornes LtdRush, J Ottley, M (2006) Business for students. London Thomson Learningwww.wikipedia.org Accessed 15.20pm 24.1.12

Induction of Beta Galactosidase in E.Coli | Lab Report

Induction of Beta Galactosidase in E.Coli Lab ReportAim To study the effects of IPTG, lactose, glucose, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and streptomycin generality on the units of beta-galactosidase of E.coliIntroductionIn 1961, a special root word of units that able to control its reservoir and ending of transcription activities by undergoing induction act upon was discovered by Jacob and Monod. This special enzyme is known as Lac operon which is group of genes that arranged in sequences of promoter region, operated region and structural genes that found in the Escherichia Coli. Promoter region is the site where the ribonucleic acid polymerases binds to and initiate the transcription process while the operated region in the operon is the site where the regulatory protein such as inducer and repressor bind to and stimulate the genes to turning on or collide with the transcription process.Lac operon made up of three specific lac genes there are lac Z, lac Y and lac A and they can be found in the structural genes of the operon. At the end of the transcription process, Lac Z gene can be encoded into -galactosidase which is an enzyme that utilise to hydrolyze lactose molecules into allolactose molecules fist then further into glucose and brain sugar which are the simple sugar molecules (Kathryn Grace Patterson, 2009). Allolactose is the intermediate product when -galactosidase used to catalyses the reaction of converting lactose to glucose and galactose. According to Miiller-Hill, Rickenberg Wallenfels, allolactose is a natural and effective inducer to trigger transcription process to buy the farm (1964). lacY encodes into -galactoside permease which playing the role in transporting lactose molecules into the cell while lacA is converted into -galactoside transacetylase through transcription process which is an enzyme that involved in adding an acetyl group (CH3) from acetyl coenzyme A to the 6 position of the -galactosidase (Xing Guo, Wang, Laurence R. Olse nSteven L. Roderick, 2002). As the inducer such as allolactose (natural inducer) or IPTG, Isopropyl -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside which is an artificial inducer binds to the operated region and deactivated the repressor protein. Hence, repressor protein generated by the lac I gene cannot binds to the operated region which stimulates the RNA polymerases to bind to the promoter region and start the transcription process which is positivistic control mechanism. On the other hand, disconfirming control mechanism occurs when active repressor protein binds to the o-site (operated region), it blocks the RNA polymerases binds to the p-site (promoter region) and thus no transcription can take place. IPTG acts as the inducer due to its structure is resembling to the allolactose.o-nitrophenol -galactosidaseIsopropylthiogalactosidase (IPTG)ortho-Nitrophenyl--galactosidasewhich known as ONPG is used to measure the -galactosidase enzymatic activities in this experiment which show a yellow colour when -galactosidasepresence. ONPG has a comparable structure as lactose which overly catalyze by the beta-galactosidase enzyme to form galactose + O-nitrophenol whereas the O-niotrophenol responsible to the colour changes. When the intensity of yellow colour increases, the rate of enzymatic activity also increases. Hans Noll and Joseph Orlando also mentioned that o-nitrophenol-beta-galactosidase is hydrolyses by -galactosidase enzyme but not for IPTG molecules (Hans Noll Joseph Orlando, 1960).Hypothesisa) IPTG activates beta-galactosidase enzyme at most effective effects.b) The rate of beta-galactosidase enzymatic activities depend on the clipping of induction.Materials and MethodsPart A Time course of induction of -galactosidase by IPTGInduction of the -galactosidase enzyme. Two different hangs of nicety condition were investigated. One set in the condition with IPTG (5mM) and another set in the condition of adding water as the control experiment. 15 labeled microfuge tubes which contain 100 l of the CTAB solution which used to kills the E. coli cells and lyses the cells to release the contents including -galactosidase were on the watch and placed in the ice bath. 2.5ml of actively growing Escherichia Coli K12 was transferred into two separate 50ml conical flaskfuls and covered with the foil immediately and then immersed in the temperature of 37 C shaking water bath. 250 l of water was added into the control flask and note the measure as t=0 and then transferred 200 l of the E. coli subtlety out immediately into the microfuge tube which labelled as 0c tube, mixed well and stored in the ice bath. The same procedure for another set of conical flask but 250 l of IPTG was used instead of water. After that, two conical flasks were placed in the shaking water bath to maintain the temperature constant at 37C.The previous two steps were repeated for preparing the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 30 and 45 minute cadence points for the induction flask and 15 and 45 minutes time points for control flask. -galactosidase activity of each take was ready to be observed aft(prenominal) addition ONPG and Na2CO3 which used to stop the assay activity by ever-changing the pH value to 11. (School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).-galactosidase Assay. 15 type of microfuge tubes were placed in the 37C water bath for 5 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium. Addition of 200 l of 3mM ONPG into each sample at every 30 intervals and addition of 300 l of 1M Na2CO3 into the microfuge tube followed by order later on exactly 5 minutes of time of ONPG induction to deactivate the -galactosidase enzyme activities. The time of ONPG induction was recorded. All samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes and then 300 l of supported of each sample was taken out and read the absorbance under 414nm with 300 l water used as the blank.(School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).Part B Characteristics of the induction of -galactosidaseExac tly same procedures in the Part A were carried out but several different of conditions were tested in this experiment following by*A. 250 l of IPTG (5 mM) and 250 l of water (this is to keep the agriculture at closeto the same denseness for all alternatives)*B. 250 l lactose (20 mM) + 250 l H2O.*C. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) + 250 l glucose (20mM).*D. 250 l IPTG (10 mM) + 250 l glucose (20mM)..E. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, after the 10 min sample is removed, add 250 lchloramphenicol (200g/ml).F. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, immediately after the 10 min. sample is removed,add 250 l rifampicin (250 g/ml).G. 250 l IPTG (5 mM) then, immediately after the 10 min. sample is removed,add 250 l streptomycin (500 g/ml) .Note At zero time point, all materials were added into set A, B, C and D while the antibiotic that used in the set E, F and G was added after 10 minutes time points sample has been taken out.(School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2012).DiscussionsFrom the graph shown in the figu re 2, it can clearly see that the units of beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture show a positive results when IPTG used in the induction but no response when water used instead of IPTG. The longer the IPTG induction time, the greater the units of beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture produced. It can be explained that, IPTG acts as the inducer which depressed the repressor protein into inactive form by undergoes conformational change in the shape of the repressor protein that prevent them from cover version to the operator region. Thus, the RNA polymerases can bind to the promoter site without any obstacles, transcription of lac operon occurs. Therefore, it can be concluded that inducer is playing a world-shaking role in inducing of beta-galactosidase enzyme. Model data provided by the coordinator was used instead of the raw data because there is induction timing error when transferred the sample which causes the failure of the group results as it can notice that there is a sudden decrease in the value of the beta-galactosidase per ml of bacterial culture produced during 12 minutes in the figure 1.Based on the information provided in the part B experiment, the highest value of unit of beta-galactosidase produced was observed when IPTG was presence in the culture environment. An increasing trend of response with lower efficiency of effect were shown in the lactose, IPTG (5mM)+glucose and IPTG (10mM)+ glucose induction. However, as rifampicin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol added into the culture samples, a increasing concentration of beta-galactosidase enzyme at the beginning of experiment until 10 minutes then the reactions started to maintain at the constant level. The observations can be elucidated that when both IPTG and lactose were used as the inducer, they play the similar mechanism but the only reason that causes lactose had lower performance is IPTG lead not be broken down during reaction whereas lactose will be degraded or used by the cells. As the rate of lactose degradation increases, the concentration of inducer in the culture decreases. In addition, glucose and galactose were formed after hydrolysis of lactose molecule. Glucose molecule is more preferred than the lactose molecule by the E.coli. Hence, a lower performance was shown when lactose was used as the inducer and IPTG always the best choice of inducer to use in the experiment. Since the glucose molecules involved in the experiment, a mechanism named as catabolite repression can be used to illustrated the other two IPTG (5mM)+glucose and IPTG (10mM)+ glucose conditions. Catabolite repression is a mechanism that represses the transcription process by introducing glucose molecules into the reaction since E.coli is more preferred glucose than IPTG while IPTG is essential for switching on the reaction. When the concentration of glucose molecule increases, the level of cyclic-AMP becomes lower. CAMP is required to start the transcription process as i t is needed to binds with the Catabolite activator protein (CAP protein) and form an active involved which promotes RNA polymerases binds to promote region. Therefore, if camping level is low, there is inactive complex produced it unable to deactivate the repressor protein so repressor protein will bind to o-site and inhibit the occurrence of the transcription process. On the other hand, if the glucose molecule is absence, the high level of cAMP permit the transcription process to take place due to the cAMP binds to the CAP protein to form cAMP.CAP complex and deactivated the repressor protein, transcription takes place. Since the glucose is the preference substrate so when concentration of IPTG increases, it also will not affect the result when glucose is supplied.CTAB solution which also defined as the cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and used in the experiment to remove the E.coli cells and also destroyed the membrane of the E.coli cells in order to release -galactosidase enzym e that needed for the experiment from its content. E. coli is the reference work of the beta-galactosidase enzyme in the experiment. In the IPTG+ chloramphenicol culture condition, there was only IPTG inside the sample at the first 10 minutes and induction of enzyme was occurs but after Chloramphenicol was added the units of beta-galactosidase of bacterial culture remain constant due to the reason that Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that inhibit the protein synthesis process and growth of E.coli (Ambrose,P.J,1984). The polypeptides synthesise of the RNA in the E.coli was hindered when added Rifampicin (Campbell, E. A et al, 2001). Rifampicin changes the shape and structure of the ribosomes which makes the lyses of the ribosomes (Sippel Hartmann, 1968) and also prevents RNA polymerases from binding to promoter region. After streptomycin was added into the culture sample, Streptomycin inhibits growth of the E.coli by leading to misread the messenger RNA and protein synthesize distu rbance when low amount of streptomycin provided (Modolell,Juan, 1969). Hence, induction of beta-galactosidase activity was prohibited. Nevertheless, high quantity of Streptomycin added will even cause the death of E.coli.

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar SurgeryPost extraction wound healing and physical sequelae of third hoagy(a) surgery can squarely affect the unhurrieds quality of life2. Various methods have been suggested to improve extraction socket healing and to lessen the surgical sequelae after third molar surgery4,5. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate which is known to stimulate wound healing by releasing growth factors straightaway to the wound5,8,16,17. Recent studies demonstrated the PRF membrane has a very significant slow sustained release of key growth factors for at least 7 and up to 28 day13. Studies on PRF efficacy in enhancing wound healing have yielded differing results and also on that point is a divergence of opinion on the activity of PRF. Thus, there is the need for more studies to explore its use in viva and maxillofacial surgery. This correction was therefore perceived to determine the effect, if any, that PRF has on postoperative sequelae an d enhancement of deck up healing after mandibular third molar surgery.Patients and MethodsThe study sample consisted of 15 young adult volunteers 18 to 22 years old presenting with wedge mandibular third molars bilaterally and in similar positions. Patients utilize systemic drugs or presenting a medical history positive for any systemic pathology or a history of hypersensitivity to any component use in the methodology were not included. Each patient participated as a volunteer after signing an informed consent form on the study for extraction of force right and left mandibular third molars. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics commission prior to the commencement of the study. The sideline demographic information was collected age, gender, occupation, marital status, and educational level. Furthermore, the position and type of impaction were recorded. The two operated sides in each patient were randomly divided into 2 study groups extraction of an impacted mandibul ar third molar at first side whose socket was filled with blood curdle and wound sutured ( confine group), and extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar on the other side whose socket was filled with PRF gelatin and wound sutured (PRF group).A 10-point visual line of latitude scale (VAS) with a score of 0 equals no pain and ten equals very severe pain was used to assess pain. Facial swelling was evaluated using a modification of the method described by Schultze-Mosgau et al9, and this entailed measuring the distances from the tragus to the oral commissure and tragus to the pogonion. The arithmetic sum of the two measurements was used to determine the facial swelling at the time point. The percentage facial swelling was calculated from the variation of the measurements made in the operative and postoperative periods divided by the foster obtained in the preoperative period and multiplied by 100.(Swelling PostoperativelySwelling Preoperatively) /Swelling Preoperatively X 100Digital radiograms were used to evaluate changes in radiographic bone tautness for each extraction site. Three blinded alveolar professionals working independently evaluated all radiographs. RVG software was used for radiographic analysis. Radiographs were evaluated by three blinded dental professionals. The radiographs were assessed by obtaining the average density of three independent readings of the 3rd molar extraction socket sites. This was compared to the average of three density outlines of the adjacent tooth. When all radiographs for a patient were assessed, they were normalized to the original radiograph and the same untouched adjacent tooth. The baseline socket average was then subtracted from the normalized average for each tooth extraction socket at the different time points.The final, normalized socket value differences for each PRF-treated and non-PRF treated site for the various time points were compared. All radiographs were taken by a blinded, certified x-ray dental assistant. They were taken immediately post-operatively and at the following time after the day of surgery 4th workweek, 8thweek and 12thweeks.Preparation of Platelet-Rich FibrinPRF was prepared according to the technique described by Choukroun et al1. Twenty minutes onwards starting surgery, 10 mL of venous blood was collected in a sterilized dry, neutral glass tube without an anticoagulant. After immediate centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, the platelet-poor plasma, which accumulated at the top, was discarded. PRF was removed approximately 2 mm below its connection to the red corpuscle beneath to include rest platelets, which have been proposed to localize below the junction between PRF and the red corpuscle After 10 minutes, the gel was formed, and autologous PRF was applied immediately in the socket in the PRF group.Surgical Procedure-To standardize the surgical operations, all patients were operated by the same surgeon. The mandibular third molars of which the extraction sockets would receive PRF treatment were selected randomly before surgery and these molars were operated on first. After tooth extraction, the surgical area in the PRF group was isolated with gauze and the socket was filled with PRF gel. In the control group, the socket was not filled with PRF. The flap was repositioned by an break up suture with 3-0 silk suture. The patients received oral and written postoperative guidance, and follow-up was scheduled according to the study periods. Because only the bilateral mandibular third molars similarly impacted were selected for the study, there was no significant difference in the time and surgical trauma associated with surgical extractions.Immediately after the procedure, details of each procedure were recorded, including the continuation of surgery in minutes (from the first incision to insertion of the last suture), and any intraoperative complications. Patients were then recalled at 1, 3, 7, and 14-day postoperative interv als. During such visits, data were recorded for postoperative pain,facial swelling and any untoward complications like infection and alveolar osteitis. Sutures were removed 7 old age after surgical operation. Patients were also recalled at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week postoperatively for radiographic bone healing assessment.ResultsThe mean age of the sample population was 21.40(range 18 to 35 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the age, gender, and type of impaction between both groups. In both groups, the mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following 14 days. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was higher(prenominal) for PRF group than control group at incomparable points when compared with the control group and was not statistically significant (P The percentage facial swelling for the PRF group relative to baseline value was 2.55%, 2.22%, and 0.28% on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 resp ectively, whereas it was 1.86%, 1.5%, and 0.29%, respectively, in the non- PRF(control) group for the same period. The percentage facial swelling was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following days for both groups. The mean percentage swelling was also higher for the PRP group at all-time points when compared with the control. However this difference also was found to be not statistically significant.The mean bone density score was higher in the PRF group than the non-PRP group over a 12-week period and the differences were found to be statistically significant. The results of the present study clearly show that the application of autologous PRF in surgical wounds after tooth extraction allows acceleration of bone healing, as indicated by data with statistical differences (pDISCUSSIONThis prospective study evaluated the performance of PRF gel when applied to fresh extraction sites. Third molar extractions are often used as a measurement tool for comparin g treatments because they are usually performed electively on a younger population that do not present with significant medical problems (e.g., systemic pathologies, multiple medications). Therefore, this study is especially relevant for healthy 18 to 40 year old patients. This study evaluated the effect of PRF gel on postoperative pain, swelling and bone regeneration potential on third molar extraction sockets.The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) and swelling were higher for the PRF group at all-time points as compared with the control group, but the differences obtained were found to be statistically non-significant. This suggests that topical application of PRF may not improve the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery. Choukroun et al5 in a case report found reduced pain and weaken mouth opening when topical PRF gel was used in molar extraction sockets ,in contrast to this we observed increased pain and swelling when topical PRF gel was used in 3rd molar extraction socket .Intra-oral digital radiographs taken of the individual surgical sites revealed that the effects of PRF were significantly beneficial (P 6,similarly reported that the PRF induced complete bone filling of a relaxation cystic cavity in 2 months 2 weeks, a much shorter period than 6 to 12 months of physiologic healing. Choukroun et al7 in a case serial on maxillary sinus lifting operations, 3 cases were treated with PRF and freeze-dried bone allograft mixture and 6 cases with freeze-dried bone allograft alone. Histomorphometric results of this study showed that PRF and allograft mixture accelerated bone regeneration, allowing implant placement in 4 months after maxillary sinus lifting procedure. Furthermore, the amount of newly formed bone was similar to that achieved with an allograft alone 8 months after surgery. Diss et al10 reported promising results after placing PRF instead of bone graft under the sinus membrane during a closed-sinus lifting technique and demonstrated that an average of 3.2 mm bone gain could be obtained in the sinus after 1-year follow-up.However the results of our study does not correspond with the study from Grbzer et al17 who reported scintigraphically, that platelet-rich fibrin might not bring about promoted activity of osteoblasts in impacted mandibular third molar sockets in 1 or 4 week after extraction.Accelerated bone formation observed is in contrast to the drop in bone density seen at the control site before bone formation began to take place. It took approximately 6 weeks for the control sites to reach the same bone density that the PRF-treated site had reached by 4 weeks. The PRF-induced acceleration in bone formation may be due to the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in PRF that stimulates mesenchymal stem cells to begin osteoblast note and subsequent calcification12,14,18. The immediate start of bone formation seen with PRF treatment is of clinical relevance because it is the initial 2 weeks followi ng bone manipulation in oral surgery that are important in preventing infection, loss of the blood clot and/or dry socket formation.Digital birds-eye radiographs might have been a better choice than digital periapical radiographs, as the 2 surgical sites would be represented on 1 film, eliminating the need for normalization between the sites. The disadvantage of digital panoramic radiographs is that these films have a 20 to 25% distortion factor because it is an extra-oral film, as opposed to the intra-oral individual (periapical) radiographs.The digital periapical radiograph was chosen over the panoramic radiograph due to the lower distortion, which results from being in close proximity to the site being evaluated. The CT scans might have exhibited greater differences between the PRF treated sites and the control sites, had they been obtained. Similarly Digital substraction radiography and histomorphometry have provided more sensitive methods of assessing bone healing but are quite invasive and expensive especially in a resource limited environment.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that topical application of autologous PRF gel has a beneficial effect on the osseous healing of extraction sockets after third molar surgery but may not minimize the postoperative sequelae after 3rd molar surgery as its use was found to be associated with increased postoperative pain and swelling . However, a larger sample size in a multicenter study may be necessary before its routine use in extraction socket can be justified

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Crime

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of aversionIntroductionThe populaces retireledge of villainy is to begin with derived from its depiction in the media. The media affects the publics opinion of aversion and punishment, and its light of the police. If the media is responsible for the headlines, the conclusion is that it influences the publics attitude regarding horror incidents. (Muraskin and Domash 2007). Crime stories are cover extensively by the print-based media seemingly because they help to sell newspapers. Stories are often sensationalised with the endeavor to make attention-grabbing headlines that do not always represent the true facts but do these binds play a part in needlessly fuelling the publics fear of villainy? This dissertation go egress attempt to answer this question by conducting primary look for in the suburban colonization of Stannington in Sheffield.Aims/Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this query is to analyse the relationship betwee n plague and the media, more than(prenominal) specific every last(predicate)y fear of crime returns and print-based media articles. Due to the geographic location in which the look for pass on be conducted, two specific crime types hand over been chosen in the flesh(predicate) crimes such as burglary and theft and community-based crimes such as vandalism and anti-social behaviour. These crime types were chosen as a result of the suburban area in which the study will be conducted. These crimes are those which are more likely to be of a allude to the respondents of the study and are in that locationfore more suitable for this particular eyepatch of research if I wish to collect an accurate info set. More skillful crimes like rape, murder and assault are less likely to occur on a private, middle class hovictimization estate and thus these crime types would probably not be a major c erstrn to residents living in the area. Prior to conducting any research the hypothesis c hosen which predicts the outcome of the research is that respondents who are fe masculine and who read print-based media more frequently will fall in an increased fear of crime in simile to males who dont read print-based media articles.Literature revue revere of crimeGarofalo (1981840) defined fear of crime as an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the scourge of physical harm elicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime. The definition of fear of crime hind end variegate depending on the individual and their own personal experiences of crime and this is in fact similar to how people have differing levels of fear. An individuals level of fear could be influenced by several(prenominal) factors. Personal experience of crime is one of many factors which batch significantly increase the level of fear which a person has, with the fear of repeat exploitation a key issue in this. Balkin (1979) and Hou gh (1985) argue that a commonly accepted belief is that people who have been victimised, particularly in their neighbourhood, or who feel others who have been similarly victimised, will tend to be more afraid. Similarly, a report published by the Beth Johnson foundation in 2006 looked at the fear of crime in people over the age of 50. It found that several respondents who had been mugged and/or burgled had a particularly high level of fear of crime as a result of their previous experiences. This publication shows many interesting opinions of the elderly, however it does not take into account the opinions of a larger demographic of people with varying ages. As a result it allows an opportunity to conduct research on a broader scale to canvass fear of crime from people of all ages. Jewkes (2010155) ac familiaritys that victims of crime will probably become more grand about the likelihood of future victimization as a result of their experiences, however many more individuals will ex perience fear as a result of indirect contact with crime.Fear of crime has become a major social problem and although some of this fear can be accounted for by the actual gist of criminal activity, particularly in the neighbourhood (Kinsey et al.1986). People may come to be fearful of criminal victimisation because they perceive their immediate environment to be threatening, thus noisy neighbours, teenagers hanging around street corners and flats with broken windows may all advert to some individuals that their neighbourhood is threatening (Baumer 1985 Hunter and Baumer 1982), however much of it is caused by other subjective/perceptual and social structural factors. A substantial amount of research has already identified several factors which appear to make a contribution to fear. Box, Hale and Andrews (1988 341) classify these under the following headings vulnerability, environmental clues and conditions, personal knowledge of crime and victimisation, confidence in the police and criminal justice systems, sensings of personal risk, and seriousness of various offences. The research for this piece of work will be carried out by households in close proximity to each other consequently the environmental conditions should be very similar for each respondent. However other factors, in particular vulnerably personal knowledge of crime and confidence in the police and criminal justice system should be different for every respondent. As a result, the findings of the research should be particularly diverse.In terms of fear of crime, the British Crime Survey offers an in shrewdness insight into the British publics perception of crime, in comparison to actual crime statistics. The BCS is a face-to-face victimisation survey in which people inhabiting households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. The 2009/10 BCS shows that a large proportion of people (sixty six per cent) believe crime has risen across the country as a whole in the last few years. There has been a large majority of respondents who think crime has risen at a national level since the questions were first included in 1996. Statistics provided by the Home mooring (2010) show an actual decrease in a large number of crimes between 2002 and 2010. The derive of sexual offences, robbery, burglary, fraud, drug offences, and the native of all recorded crime have decreased every year for the past 8 years. These figures would suggest that the publics fear of crime is unjust based on the number of crimes which have fallen throughout Britain in recent years. It would appear that the publics perception of these high crime levels is influenced by more than just official statistics released by the Home Office, the most obvious contributor to this fear of crime being the media.Fear of crime and the mediaIt is often argued that the media exaggerate the achievement of crime in Britain. This includes newspapers, news and entertainm ent on television and radio, as well as crime fiction (Greer,2005). These exaggerations of crime stories which are in the public eye daily can have a substantial impact upon the publics perception of crime, but more significantly their fear of it. As previously mentioned, personal experiences of crime can often result in victims becoming increasingly fearful of being victimised while accounts of crime from family, friends and neighbours may also have this effect. However as previous research has discovered the most influential source to fuel fear of crime is usually the media. As Jewkes (2010) states numerous writers have examined the proposition that the media present crime stories (both factual and fictional) in ways which selectively distort and manipulate public perceptions, creating a false picture of crime which promotes stereotyping, bias, blemish and gross oversimplification of the facts. Their conclusion is that it is not just official statistics that misrepresent the pict ure of crime, but that the media are also guilty of manipulation and fuelling public fears. Roberts and devil grass (1986) and Surette (1998) reaffirm this view of crime and the media in their analysis of how influential the media can be. The publics perception of victims, criminals, deviants, and law enforcement officials is largely determined by their portrayal in the mess media. look into indicates that the majority of public knowledge about crime and justice is derived from the media. Western society is fascinated with crime and justice. From films, books, newspapers, magazines, television broadcasts, to everyday conversations, we are perpetually engaging in crime talk. In this sense the mass media play an important role in the construction of criminality and the criminal justice system.Research conducted by Ditton and Duffy (1983) came to a similar conclusion to Jewkes in regards to coverage of crime stories in the media after their analysis of leash Scottish newspapers. A n analysis of the crime electrical capacity of the newspapers (in terms of the numbers and page areas of crime reports) was completed and found that six per cent of the news involved crime, with forty five per cent of this being rough or sexual crime. This figure was then compared with actual police statistics which showed just two per cent of crime in the locality to be of a uncultivated and/or sexual nature (Williams and Dickinson 199335). As a result of their findings, Ditton and Duffy came to the conclusion that this research exemplifies the level of sensationalism and exaggeration of crime stories which appear throughout print-based media. Consequently, they called for get on research to be conducted to determine whether the mis examples of crime in newspapers influence the general perceptions of readers. Despite a large percentage of violent or sexual crimes covered in the newspapers, it is arguable as to weather a percentage of just six out of the total of all articles in them is substantial enough to leave off that print-based media exaggerate and sensationalise as Ditton and Duffy suggested.This research took significant steps to examine the content of crime stories in print-based media and be regarded as a successful study, however it was conducted intimately thirty years ago which means in terms of quantity and coverage of crime stories in modern Britain, it is somewhat outdated. In addition the research fails to determine any links between media coverage and fear of crime, so with this in mind, the study which will be conducted for this piece of work primarily aims to investigate if there is any sort of correlation between print-based media and fear of crime in an attempt to come to a conclusion which Ditton and Duffy were unable to achieve.When the discussion takes stead surrounding how influential the media can be on crime levels and fear of crime the theory of honorable panics often surfaces. This model made famous by Stanley Cohen in th e 1970s with the publication of Folk Devils and Moral Panics The creation of Mods and Rockers refers to public and political reactions to minority or marginalized individuals and groups who appear to be some change of threat to consensual values and interests. (Jewkes 201074) By labelling certain groups as deviant missing out key facts and extensively covering crime stories the creation of moral panics by the British press has becoming arguably one of the more damaging aspects of crime coverage, causing unnecessary for fear and apprehension amongst the public. These fears when compared to actual crime statistics do appear to be uncalled for, but figures from the British Crime Survey suggest that they are still present in the minds of newspaper readings.The British Crime Survey has been conducted by the Home Office since its introduction in 1982 and from 2001 it has run unceasingly each year. The survey of around forty thousand adults is conducted to gain an insight into public atti tudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues, with the findings often used to assist the Government in their policy formations (Home Office 2010). The 2003 edition of the BCS was the first to ask respondents directly about their newspaper reading habits. The results showed that attitudes to crime are very much influenced by newspaper reports. Forty three per cent of tabloid readers believed that crime has increased a lot with seventeen per cent also claiming to be very worried by the threat of physical attacks (Guardian 2003). These findings are based on a very large scale with the respondents geographically located across most parts of Britain. They offer an accurate representation of the populations fear of crime and how this is influenced by newspapers articles, however due to its large scale, a more appropriate approach to use in order to get a localised view on crime would be a study of households in one particular part of a city. This method then allows the investi gator to investigate if the immediate area in which the respondent resides is influential in their levels of fear.Several other pieces of research have been carried out to understand fear of crime in both the elderly and in women respectively. A recent Age Concern reported entitled The Fear Factor Older people and Fear of Street crime reported that forty seven per cent of those over 75 years of age and thirty seven per cent of those over l no longer take part in social and community activities after dark because of fear of street crime (Help the Aged 2006). Similarly an article in the Independent (2005) entitled Women and Crime Fear in Suburbia goes into depth about the fear which single women have about being attacked in their own homes. In this article many women interviewed agreed that the media has a role to play in increasing womens fears despite official Home Office statistics suggesting total recorded crime is down by six per cent year-on-year (Independent 2005). Both pieces of research gain insight into two separate groups of society with valid and tested information collection, however they fail to make comparisons of fear of crime levels with other groups of people. By conducting research from both men and women of varying ages, this allows for more in depth analysis, where comparisons and correlations can be made between all respondents to determine if age and/or sex are an influential factor in fear of crime levels.There has been extensive criticism of the empirical and theoretical validity of the claims that media images cultivate a misleading view of the world of crime (Howitt 1998 Ditton et al. 2004) and according to several critics, there is still not enough sufficient evidence to suggest that exposure to the media as well as other variables such as class, gender, race, place of dorm and actual experience of crime can and do effect an individuals fear of becoming a victim of crime (Reiner 2006). Despite these criticisms the research carried out for this piece of work will attempt to gather enough evidence to show that the media along with other variables does in fact influence fear of crime.MethodologyThe data collection method which will be used for this research is a cross-sectional questionnaire consisting of both qualitative and quantitative questions. The questionnaire will be given to xx four randomly selected respondents living on a housing estate in the semi-rural village of Stannington, in Sheffield. At the last census (2001), the population for Stannington village was listed as 16,600 (www.stannington.org.uk). This number is far too large as it would require a significant amount of questionnaires to be produced which is unrealistic given the resources and time-frame available so a combination of both cluster and systematic try out will be used to select certain roads and houses within a meek geographical location. Kalsbeek (1998) defines cluster sampling as sampling in which sampling units (that is, hous eholds) at some lodge in the selection process are collections, or clusters, of population elements. For the primary sample group eight roads on the housing estate will be selected as part of the cluster sampling process, then house numbers two five and eight are to be chosen systematically. This approach eliminates any potential bias, allowing the validity of the research to be increased. Similarly for the secondary sample group, four roads will be selected with house numbers one and ten chosen to receive the questionnaire if not all twenty four primary respondents decide to complete the questionnaire. In order to be courteous when addressing the respondents, the electoral register will be accessed at the Sheffield townsfolk Hall to gather the names of those chosen to participate in the study. Doing this should allow for the respondents to be contacted formally whilst making it more manageable to record which households responded and those who declined.When the collection of data from the primary sample group commences, personal introductions will be made informing the randomly selected respondents what the research study is for and how they have been chosen. If the respondents then decide to take part in the study they will be given the questionnaire along with a cover sheet, outlining the instructions on how to complete the questionnaire and a brief garner explaining the purpose of the study. If the there is no one in at the chosen addresses the questionnaire will be posted to the respondents and will be collected a workweek from that date.The decision to utilise a cross-sectional questionnaire was made because this method allows data to be collected relatively quickly and at a single point in time. These characteristic of data collection are very much suited for this type of research study due to the time and transport limitations which apply. A questionnaire is preferable over other designs such as a longitudinal survey or case study as it lends itsel f well to quantifiable data, allowing for variations to be established which may appear throughout the different variables. According to Bryman (200845) cross sectional studies are very effective in terms of replicability because the researcher can spell out procedures for selecting respondents, designing measures of concepts administrating research instruments and analysing data.When the questionnaires have been collected from all respondents and the required amount of data has been gathered it will then be analysed using the data analysis software SPSS. This software allows complex data to be interpreted very easily through the use of bivariate and multivariate crosstabulations as well as frequency tables. This data can then be used to create graphs which allow for patterns of correlation to be identified. SPSS was elected due to its qualification to eliminate any issues regarding inter-coder reliability. It also lends itself well to quantitative closed-ended question data (which I intend to collect) because this form of data requires very little coding and can therefore be inputted into the programme with ease.Data AnalysisFollowing the collection of twenty four questionnaire responses the data was inputted into the SPSS software and the variable values were coded. After hive away frequency tables and crosstabulations it appears that the research has identified some interesting findings, which do not necessarily agree with the original hypothesis stated at the beginning of the study. card 1 (below) shows how participants responded to the question Do newspapers influence your fear of crime? It appears that only 37.5% of people felt that their fear of being a victim of crime was influenced by newspapers. 50% stated that they werent influenced which is reasonably more than those that answered yes to the question however it is not significantly high enough to suggest a majority because there were 3 respondents (12.5%) who were undecided.(Table 1) Do newspaper s influence your fear of crime?FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidYes937.537.537.5No1250.050.087.5Dont know312.512.5100.0Total24100.0100.0When the variable of gender is factored into the same question, it appears that men are more influenced by print-based media than women. A crosstabulation of the two variables shows that 6 males in comparison to just 3 females stated that their fear was influenced by newspapers. This figure at first appears to be a surprise when compared to the Independent (2005) article (referred to earlier) which stated that the media has a role to play in increasing fear of crime levels amongst women. However when a crosstabulation was formed which analysed the gender and how often do you read national newspapers? variables it appears that the male respondents in the study read newspapers more regularly than the females. Table 2 (below) shows that half (6) of all male respondents read a national newspaper once a week in comparison to only 2 fem ale respondents. It also illustrates that all of the male respondents read a newspaper at least once a month in comparison to 5 females who stated that they never read a newspaper.(Table 2) How often do you read national newspapers? * ar you male or female? CrosstabulationAre you male or female?TotalMaleFemaleHow often do you read national newspapers? each day235Several times a week213Once a week628Once a fortnight202Once a month011 neer055Total121224With this in mind the statistics appear to suggest that those who are subject to newspaper articles more frequently appear to be influenced by them more in terms of fear of crime.Lichtenstein et al (1978 575) state Fear sells. Past research by Ditton and Duffy (1983) amongst others, primarily focused upon newspaper content analysis. Some evidence was found to suggest that certain crime types in particular violent or sexual crimes appeared continuously throughout newspapers articles. This research along with several other studies has co llectively suggested that sensationalism of crime stories does occur in order to sell more copies. The questionnaire given to respondents asked them Do you think newspapers sensationalise crime stories? The pie chart above shows the overwhelming majority (91.7%) of participants felt that sensationalism does occur in British newspapers. This figure is particularly high considering that 5 out of the 24 respondents stated that they didnt read newspapers. In this case the assumption could be made that those who dont read newspapers would not be fully aware of the goal to which sensationalism appears to occur. However this statistic confirms that this is irrelevant.In a similar manner, many newspapers (and the media in general) have been accused of creating moral panics. These accusations have especially

Literature Supports Children’s Personality Development Essay -- Psycho

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive (Laberge, 2006). Adults, especially pargonnts and teachers, are principal components of these environments and therefore play a powerful role in helping or hindering children in their personality and cognitive development (Morrison, 2007, p. 99). accord to Erikson (2007), childrens personalities and social skills grow and develop within the context of society and in response to societys demands, expectations, values, and social institutions, such as families, schools, and new(prenominal) child care programs (pp. 98-99). Children personality does not occur over night. They learn and experience new things in life and how they relate to these experiences affect their personality. Erik Erickson (1902-1994), is a well-known German psychoanalyst that based his theory of psychosocial development on the premise that cognitive and social development occur hand in h and and cannot be separated (Morrison, 2007, p. 125). Erickson also strived to explain personality growth by describing how human beings respond to potential conflicts at specific periods in their lives (Giorgis and Glazer, 2009, p. 171). He described and explained his 8 stages of psychological development, in which the first four of the stages relates to early childhood children.1.Infancy Birth-18 months oldBasic Trust vs. Mistrust- HopeDuring the first stage, the first or consequence year of life, the major emphasis is on the whether the child develops trust. Children learn to trust or mistrust their environment and their caregivers. Trust develops when childrens needs are met consistently, predictable, and lovingly (Morrison, 2007, p. 126) therefor... ... as they grow. The little snail in this book had to learn that being different is not always good. Both books are good for parents and children to share a new adventure in life changing experiences, whether the baby is not the baby anymore, but a big brother or sister or if the young child is not happy about who they are until they see that who they want to be is not what they expect. Literature can provide young children adventures they whitethorn never experience in their life time. For those young children, who do experience adventures in their life, they need good age appropriate literature in their lives to demo them different ways on how to deal, cope, or function in their life. A childs personality can be supported and nurtured if they are wedded opportunities to explore and learn from their environment, whether the learning is exploring or reading a good book.

All Quiet On The Western Front Themes :: essays research papers

1) The Destructiveness of War     A major theme, not only on lives and property, but also on the humanspirit. hands are subject to physical torment-eyes are blinded, limbs areblown off, blood flows everywhere, and innocent men die in agony. Whensoldiers take shelter in the graveyard, bombs rush out all around them,the living hide in coffins and the dead are thrown from their graves. The destructive power is so great that even the fundamental differences amid life and death become blurred. The impact of war on the spiritis subtle. They find themselves less able to returrn to civilian life-friends die all around them.2) The disjointed Generation     This theme is an offshoot of the destructiveness of war. Paulsgeneration grew up too fast, its perceptins of life grossly distorted bythe horror or war. The youthful idealism that ability someday haveblossomed into constructive maturity has been nipped in the bud. Unlikeearlier generations, Paul can never again hope to find comfort and enthusiasm in the hollow rhetoric of politicians and generals. The warhas shattered their illusions. Their innocence is gone, and only inaimless skepticism is left to fill the void.3) Comraderie     The theme of comraderie occurs constantly in the novel. The comraderiethat exists in Pauls company keeps them from being driven insane by thehorrors all around them. In a sense, the comraderie among Paulsfriends can be seen as a die hard desperate clinging to the innocence ofyouth. These young men were transported almost forthwith to thebattlefield from the schoolyard. The adolescent pranks of Paul and hisclassmates can be seen in their "adult" behavior, as in their attack onHimmelstoss. If the social responses of Paul adn his friends seem attime childish, it is essential to remember that these are young menwhose experience of life took them directly to the barracks from theclassroom. If they seem immature, it may be because they werent giventhe chance to grow up normally. The best example of this theme os whenKat and Paul shared their cook goose with Kropp and Tjaden. Theywere taking care of each other.4) Alienation     The theme of alienation develops as the novel progresses. At first,Paul and his friends still behave as if their lives forget someday returnto normal. In the middle of the book, Paul goes home on leave, only todiscover that his real home is now with his friends on the front.